Angles and their

Measurement
Algebra and Trigonometry
Ms. Sharon P. Lubag
COS100D
The exact origins of trigonometry are lost
in prehistory.
Early man became interested in
astronomy for several reasons, for its
relation to religion (and astronomy), to
predict the seasons and planting time,
and as an aid to navigation and
geography.
The mathematics that people developed
to describe their observations in
astronomy formed the beginnings of
trigonometry.
Hipparchus - founder of trigonometry for
producing the very first known table of chords
in Greece in about 140 BC (12 books).

In Greek, the word trigonometry came from the
two words trigonon meaning triangle and
metron meaning measure. Thus,
trigonometry means measurement of triangles.

The term trigonometry first appeared as the
title of a book Trigonometria by B. Pitiacus
published in 1595.
Definition:
An angle AOB consists of two rays R
1

(initial side) and R
2
(terminal side) with
a common vertex O.
Terminal side
Initial side
B
A
O
O
Terminal
side
Initial side
A
B
R
1
R
2
Positive Angle
Negative Angle
The measure of an angle is the amount
of rotation about the vertex required to
move R
1
onto R
2
.
Note: Measurements for angles
Degree
Radian
An angle measure of 1 degree is formed
by rotating the initial side of a
complete revolution.


Radian measure is the amount an angle
opens measured along the arc of a
circle of radius 1 with its center at the
vertex of the angle.
360
1
If a circle of radius 1 is drawn with the
vertex of an angle at its center, then the
measure of this angle in radians
(abbreviated as rad) is the length of the
arc that subtends the angle.
u
1
Radian
Measure of u
rad rad rad
180
1
180
1 180
0
0
0
t
= |
.
|

\
|
t
= t =
To convert radians to degrees,
multiply by t/180
0
To convert degrees to radian,
multiply by 180
0
/t
Note: 1 rad ~ 57.296
0

1
0
~ 0.01745 rad
Express the following angles in degrees
to radians (v.v)

1. 60
0

2. t/3
Note: When no unit is given, the angle measure
is assumed to be measured in radians.
An angle is in standard position if it is
drawn in the xy-plane with its vertex at
the origin and its initial side on the
positive x-axis.

An angle is called quadrantal angle if
the angle is in standard position and its
terminal side lies on an axis.
u
|
Two angles in standard position are
coterminal if their terminal sides coincide.
Example1: Find angles that are
coterminal with (a) 30
0
and (b) t/3 in
standard position.
Example2: Find smallest positive angle
that is coterminal with (a) -3t/4 and (b)
19t/6.
An angle whose radian measure is u is
subtended by an arc that is the fraction u/2t
of the circumference of a circle. Thus, in a
circle of radius r, the length S of an arc that
subtends the angle u is
) circle a of nce circumfere ( S
t
u
=
2
) r ( S t
t
u
= 2
2
Find the length of an arc of a circle with
radius 10m that subtends a central angle
of 30
0
.

A central angle u in a circle of radius 4m
is subtended by an arc of length 6m.
Find the measure of u in radians.
In a circle of radius r, the area A of a sector
with central angle of u radians is
u =
2
2
1
r A
Find the area of a sector of a circle with
central angle 60
0
if the measure of the cirlce
is 3m.
Find (a) arc length and (b) area of the sector
of the circle having (1) r=9in and u=2t/3 and
(2) r=6cm and u=135
0
.
Two points A and B on the surface of the
earth are on the same arc which is a
meridian having center at C, where C is
the center of the earth. If A has latitude
10
0
N and B has latitude 4.6
0
S, what is
the distance between A and B?
If the minute hand of a clock has length
of 6in, how far does its tip travel in 18
minutes?