Image Processing Medical Image Processing 310912405023 G.Sreeja Project Guide: Mr.S.

Sadagopan (Assistant Professor) (Computer Science and Engineering Department Jerusalem college of engineering)

OBJECTIVE

The vessel detection and disc extraction from the retinal image using effective algorithm for analyzing the diabetic retinopathy severity.

ABSTRACT

Fast, Reliable and Efficient Optic Disc (OD) Localization and segmentation are important tasks in automatic eye disease screening. Optic Disc location arrived using Template Matching and the template is adaptable for different image resolutions. By Initializing the Optic disc center and OD Radius, a Fast Hybrid Level set model combines the OD region and local gradient information to the segmentation of the disc boundary. Morphological Filtering brings the removal of blood vessels and bright region other than Optic disc.

INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION

Analysis of the retinal image using reliable and efficient algorithm is necessary . The analysis includes optic vessel and disc extraction effectively. Features taken from the retina gives the information about retinal abnormalities. 80% of the abnormalities includes for the eye is caused by diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. So it is a major concern.

LITERATURE SURVEY
Title H. Yu, Member et.al Fast localization and segmentation of optic disk in retinal images using directional matched filtering and level set IEEE transactions on information technology in bio medicine Volume 16 No.4 2012 Method used Localization and Segmentation using direct matched filtering and level sets Advantage Disadvantage No accuracy in advanced stage. Large milineated severe PPA. Constant Threshold value Parameters used Image Foot Print Radius of optic disk Overlapping Ratio MAD Hausdroff

Robust and efficient

Sandra Morales et.al Automatic Detection of Optic Disc Based on PCA &Mathematical Morphology IEEE transactions on Medical imaging volume 32 No.4 2013. Xiayu Xu et al Vessel Boundary Delineation on Fundus Images Using Graph-Based Approach, IEEE transactions on Medical imaging volume 30, No.6 2011

PCA and Mathematical Morphology

Full automation of algorithm Doesnt required clinical interference

Perfect Segmentation is difficult

Jaccards Coefficient Dies Accuracy TPF and FPF MAD

Boundary delineation Graph based on approach

Few database closed to reference standard Could find retinal vessel boundary of even small vessels boundary

Constant value for threshold Sigma Value for constant hence not reliable

Mean Standard deviation Gaussian Derivatives

LITERATURE SURVEY (Continuation)

Title Marvin Tell Alonso et.al Edge Enhancement Algorithm Based on the Wavelet Transform for Automatic Edge Detection in SAR Images IEEE Transactions on GEO science and remote sensing volume 49, No.1 2011 Keith A. Go atman et al Detection of New Vessels on the Optic Disc Using Retinal Photographs IEEE transactions on medical imaging volume 30 No 40 2011 Method used Edge Enhancement Wavelet transformation Automatic edge detection Advantage Robust and effective for applications No Pre Filtering Disadvantage Unsupervised Edge Enhancement Critical Parameters used Hausdroff distance Pfp
PNF

Detection vessels

New growing vessels were detected

Requires every possible referral features to be detected Reliably system to be safe

Ansari Bradley Test Water Shed Transform Kthresh

PROBLEM STATEMENT

Accurate extraction of vessel features so that we get the finer details of vessels. Exact Optic disc location in case of severe cases.

DRAWBACKS OF CURRENT APPROACH

Usage of constant threshold value. Detection of vessels not accurate The methods used are not fast and reliable Perfect segmentation is difficult

ISSUES GOING TO BE ADDRESSED

Exact location of optic disc Many features of vessels to be identified

ARCHITECTURE DIAGRAM
INPUT IMAGE OPTIC DISC SIZE ESTIMATION

OPTIC DISC SEGMENTATION SATURATION DETECTION IN RED CHANNEL ROI

BACKGROUND NORMALISATION

OD LOCATION

TEMPLATE MATCHING

DIRECTIONAL MATCHED FILTERING

OPTIC DISC LOCALIZATION

AUTOMATIC OPTIC DISC SIZE ITERATIVE METHOD

BLOOD VESSEL REMOVAL

BRIGHT REGION REMOVAL

EXTRACTION OF OPTIC VESSEL AND ITS PARAMTER OPTIMIZATION

FAST, HYBRID LEVEL SET SEGMENTATION MODEL PARAMETER OPTIMIZATION LEAST SQUARE ELLIPSE FITTING

OUTPUT IMAGE

MODULES SPLIT UP
OPTIC DISC DETECTION Preprocessing Template Matching Segmentation Exact detection of Optic Disc Disc features extraction

OPTIC VESSEL DETECTION Preprocessing Edge detection method Exact detection of Optic Vessel Vessel feature extraction

 Background Normalization: To reduce the false detection of OD

candidates due to non-uniform illumination, we applied an image illumination correction using Histogram equalization method and

we get an normalized image with over smoothed background.

Template Matching: Is a binarization technique where the image takes value 1 and background 0.Pearson coefficient is used to get

the values where values above 0.5 are taken and rest are ignored.
The value ranges from -1 o 1.The formulae used to calculate is as follows

DATA FLOW DIAGRAM

1DFD
BACK GROUND NORMAILISATION

2DFD
MATCHED FILERING

EXUDATES REMOVAL TEMPLATE MATCHING BINARIZATION REMOVAL OF FALSE POSITIVE

MATCHED FILERING

PEARSON COEIFFICENT ESTIMATION

OD Segmentation:
In this stage, we first detect the saturation in the red channel of the image. In the red channel, the OD often appears with the most contrast against the

background, while vessels appear less prominently.

Thus, the OD segmentation algorithm is performed in red channel. Then we remove the blood vessel from the retinal image because Interference of blood vessels is one of the main difficulties in accurate OD boundary segmentation. In the OD segmentation ROI, areas containing features with bright pigmentation, such as choroid vessels, exudates, and cotton wool spots may interfere with the OD boundary segmentation. We use morphological reconstruction to suppress the bright regions that are lighter than their surroundings and are also connected to the image

border.

The new hybrid level set model uses speed function ,edge and step function to get partial differential equation . The threshold value is used to estimate region of interest which depends on mean and

standard deviation values.

Speed function is denoted as

The step and the edge function is used to get the narrow band region. The following equations are used.

The threshold value is used to get the region of interest. Where Mean c coefficient and is the standard deviation.

 Exact Detection of optic disc The Disc curvature is used to define an internal force to make the evolving contour smooth during the hybrid level set model deformation. The final curve may still appear irregular due to the influence of strong blood vessels. To provide for a smooth contour, we fit the segmented OD boundary with an ellipse using the least-squares optimization. This step generates smooth OD borders that can be used for cup-to-disk ratio computation. Vessel Feature Extraction The Features of the vessel such as segment length ,segment gradient ,direction of vessel growth are extracted. Features of normal and abnormal eyes are extracted.

ALGORITHM OPTIC VESSEL AND DISC DETECTION

Let F be the speed funcion which depends on local and global properties. Local properties = Normal direction and curvature Global properties = shape, position and other independent external facts. To get the narrow band edge and step function are used.

We arrive at the curve evolution partial differential equation as follows t = gk|| + 1(1 )|| + 2g .


Based on additive operative approach the PDE equation simplified as t = (1 ) + div(g) Threshold based on mean standard deviation and coefficient Initial threshold is set. Below he threshold values are x and above the threshold values are y. Calculation X / (total no of threshold) + Y / (total no of threshold) = z New threshold = z/2 Again The new threshold is calculated and region of interest is arrived.

References
1] D. Pascolini and S. P.Mariotti, Global estimates of visual impairment: 2010, Br. J. Ophthalmol., pp. 614621, 2011. [2] World Health Org., Action plan for the prevention of blindness and visual impairment 20092013 2012. [3] H. R. Taylor, Eye care for the community, Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol., vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 151154, 2012. [4] T. Walter, J. C. Klein, P. Massin, and A. Erginay, A contribution of image processing to the diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy-detection of exudates in color fundus images of the human retina, IEEE Trans. Med. Imag., vol. 21, no. 10, pp. 12361243, Oct. 2012. [5] L. D. Hubbard, R. J. Brothers, W. N. King, L. X. Clegg, R. Klein, L. S. Cooper, A. Sharrett, M. D. Davis, and J. Cai, Methods for evaluation of retinal microvascular abnormalities associated with hypertension/ sclerosis in the atherosclerosis risk in communities