Computer Numerical Controlled Machines

CNC Machines
History of Control 1. Steam engines: String Connecting rod+ flywheel 2. Copying machines: Master + stylus + lever 3. Automatic lathes: Cams + Mechanisms 4. Transfer machines: Collection of machines + automatic material handling (for one job) 5. NC and CNC
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CNC Machines
History of NC:
1952: The first NC conventional milling machine (at Massachusetts Institute of Technology). 1957: Air craft manufacturers installed a milling machine as the beginning of NC technology. Drilling machines, jig borers, lathers NC machining and turning centers appeared 1960s: Smaller electronic components such as transistors, resistors, and diodes have increased the reliability, reduced size and cost of NC machine tools. 1965: Integrated circuits in 1965s led to a further reduction of the size and cost of the control units and provided the basis for the use of minicomputers in (CNC) and (DNC) machining.
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CNC Machines
Numerical control (NC):
The term used to describe the control of machine movements and various other functions by instructions expressed as a series of numbers and initiate via electronic control system. Computer numerical control (CNC): The term used when the control system includes a computer.

CNC Machines

CNC Machines

CNC Machines

CNC Machines
Advantages of NC:
Greater flexibility: through tape/program changes can be made rapidly, and design changes to parts can be made rapidly through minor changes to the part program. Elimination of templates, models, jigs, and fixtures: The NC control tape takes over the job of locating the cutting tools. Easier setups: By using more simple work holding and locating devices, the operator does not have to set table limit stops or dogs or depend on the feed screw dials when setting up for machining.
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CNC Machines
Reduced machining time: Machining with NC provides the use of a wider range of speeds and feeds than conventional machine tools. Optimum selection of feed rates and cutting speeds is ensured. The NC equipment can also move from one cutting operation to the next faster than the operator which, significantly, reduces the total machining time. Greater accuracy and uniformity: No human errors are possible and machining the same part is performed in the same way through the stored tape/program. Hence, scrape and rework are greatly reduced or completely eliminated by using NC.
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CNC Machines
Greater safety: The operator is not as closely involved with the actual machining operations as in case of the conventional machine tools. Conversion to the metric system:, NC system can be converted to accept either inch or metric inputs.

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CNC Machines
Disadvantages of NC: NC follows programmed instruction that may lead to machine destruction if they are not properly prepared NC cannot add any extra machining capability to the machine tool. NC machines costs 5 to 10 times than conventional machines of the same working capacity.

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CNC Machines
The skill required to operate an NC is usually high. (Part programmers, tool setters, punch operators, and maintenance staff that are more educated and well trained than conventional machine operators) Special training for personnel for the software and hardware is very important. NC requires high investments in terms of wages of highly skilled personnel and expensive spare parts.

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CNC Machines
PTP - NC

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CNC Machines
Straight-Cut NC

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CNC Machines
Contouring/NC

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CNC Machines

Example of NC motions

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CNC Machines

Example of NC motions

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CNC Machines
CNC Machines 1. CNC drilling machines 2. CNC milling machines 3. CNC turning machines 4. CNC machining centers 5. CNC turning centers

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CNC Machines

CNC drilling

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CNC Machines

CNC milling

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CNC Machines

CNC turning

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CNC Machines

CNC machining center

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CNC Machines

CNC turning center

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