Chapter 9-

When we combine two elements, create an alloy or a

compound what is the equilibrium structure like ?
For a given composition and temperature
How many phases do we get ?
What is the composition of each phase ?
How much of each phase do we get ?

1
CHAPTER 9: PHASE DIAGRAMS
Chapter 9-
Nomenclature / Definitions / Basic Concepts (I)
Component: Unique chemical species that an alloy is
composed, i.e. elements (Fe, C, Cu, B, N) and compounds
(Al
2
O
3
, H
2
O, NaCl).
Phase: a homogeneous portion of a system that has uniform
physical and chemical characteristics.
Two distinct phases in a system have distinct physical or
chemical characteristics (e.g. water and ice). A phase may
contain one or more components.
One phase system is a homogeneous system, if there are
more than one phase, then the system is said to be a
mixture or heterogeneous.
Solvent - host or major component in solution, solute -minor
component (Chapter 4).

Solubility Limit of a component in a phase is the maximum amount of the
component that can be dissolved in it (e.g. alcohol has unlimited solubility in
water, sugar has a limited solubility, oil is insoluble). The same concepts apply
to solid phases: Cu and Ni are mutually soluble in any amount (unlimited solid
solubility), while C has a limited solubility in Fe.
Chapter 9- 3 3
Components:
The elements or compounds which are mixed initially
(e.g., Al and Cu)
Phases:
The physically and chemically distinct material regions
that result (e.g., o and |).
Aluminum-
Copper
Alloy
Adapted from
Fig. 9.0,
Callister 3e.
COMPONENTS AND PHASES
Chapter 9- 2
Solubility Limit:
Max concentration for
which only a solution
occurs.
Ex: Phase Diagram:
Water-Sugar System
Question: What is the
solubility limit at 20C?
Answer: 65wt% sugar.
If C
o
< 65wt% sugar: sugar
If C
o
> 65wt% sugar: syrup + sugar.
Solubility limit increases with T:
e.g., if T = 100C, solubility limit = 80wt% sugar.
Adapted from Fig. 9.1,
Callister 6e.
THE SOLUBILITY LIMIT
Chapter 9-
Nomenclature / Definitions / Basic Concepts (II)
In general, many materials properties of
materials (mechanical properties) of the
material depend on the microstructure, ie
texture
The properties of an alloy depend not only
on proportions of the phases but also on
how they are arranged structurally at the
microscopic level. Thus, the
microstructure is specified by the number
of phases, their proportions, and their
arrangement in space.
Microstructure also depends on processing,
heat treatment.
Phase diagrams are a guide for us to
help understand, explain and predict
microstructures of materials as shown
on the right:
Grey cast iron, Fe-3.2C-2.5Si wt%, containing graphite flakes in a
matrix which is pearlitic. The lamellar structure of the pearlite can
be resolved, appearing to consist of alternating layers of cementite
(Fe
3
C) and ferrite (BCC-Fe). Courtesy of
http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/phasetrans/2001/adi/cast.iron.html
Chapter 9-
Nomenclature / Definitions / Basic Concepts (III)
A system is at equilibrium if at constant temperature, pressure
and composition the system is chemically and structurally
stable, not changing with time.
Equilibrium is the state that is achieved given sufficient time. But
sometimes it will take too much time to achieve equilibrium due
the kinetics, hence a state along the path to the equilibrium may
appear to be stable. This is called a meta-stable state.
In thermodynamics the equilibrium is described as the state of system
that corresponds to the minimum of thermodynamic function called the
free energy.
Thermodynamics tells us that
under conditions of a constant temperature and pressure and
composition, the direction of any spontaneous change is toward a lower
free energy.
the state of stable thermodynamic equilibrium is the one with minimum
free energy.
a system at a metastable state is trapped in a local minimum of free
energy that is not the global one.
Chapter 9-
F
r
e
e

E
n
e
r
g
y

Metastable
Stable
Unstable
Chapter 9-
Phase Diagrams
A phase diagram - graphical representation of the combinations of
temperature, pressure, composition, etc for which specific phases
exist at equilibrium.

Chapter 9-
Phase Diagrams (II)
Chapter 9-
Chapter 9-
Chapter 9-
Chapter 9-
Chapter 9-
Effect of T & Composition (C
o
)
Changing T can change # of phases:
Adapted from
Fig. 9.1,
Callister 7e.
D (100C,90)
2 phases
B (100C,70)
1 phase
path A to B.
Changing C
o
can change # of phases: path B to D.
A (20C,70)
2 phases
70 80 100 60 40 20 0
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(

C
)

C
o
=Composition (wt% sugar)
L
( liquid solution
i.e., syrup)
20
100
40
60
80
0
L
(liquid)
+
S
(solid
sugar)
water-
sugar
system
Chapter 9 -
Phase Equilibria
Crystal
Structure
electroneg
r (nm)
Ni FCC 1.9 0.1246
Cu FCC 1.8 0.1278
Both have the same crystal structure (FCC) and have
similar electronegativities and atomic radii (W. Hume
Rothery rules) suggesting high mutual solubility.
Simple solution system (e.g., Ni-Cu solution)
Ni and Cu are totally miscible in all proportions.
Chapter 9 -
Phase Diagrams
Indicate phases as function of T, C
o
, and P.
For this course:
-binary systems: just 2 components.
-independent variables: T and C
o
(P = 1 atm is almost always used).
Phase
Diagram
for Cu-Ni
system
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
OH (1991).
2 phases:
L (liquid)
o (FCC solid solution)
3 phase fields:
L
L + o
o
wt% Ni
20 40 60 80 100 0
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
T(C)
L (liquid)
o
(FCC solid
solution)
Chapter 9-
Interpretation of Phase Diagrams
For a given temperature, T, and composition, C
O
,
we can use the phase diagram to determine:
1. The # of phases that are present
2. Compositions of these phases
3. The relative fractions of the phases
Finding the composition in a two phase region:
1. Locate composition and temperature in the diagram
2. In a two phase region draw the tie line or an isotherm
3. Note the intersection with phase boundaries. Read
compositions at the intersections.
The liquid and/or solid phases have these compositions.

LETS TRY
Chapter 9 -
wt% Ni
20 40 60 80 100 0
1000
1100
1200
1300
1400
1500
1600
T(C)
L (liquid)
o
(FCC solid
solution)
Cu-Ni
phase
diagram
Phase Diagrams:
# and types of phases
Rule 1: If we know T and C
o
, then we know:
--the # and types of phases present.
Examples:
A(1100C, 60):
1 phase: o
B (1250C, 35):
2 phases: L + o
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(a), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(a) is adapted from Phase
Diagrams of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash
(Ed.), ASM International, Materials Park,
OH, 1991).
B

(
1
2
5
0

C
,
3
5
)

A(1100C,60)
Chapter 9 -
wt% Ni
20
1200
1300
T(C)
L (liquid)
o
(solid)
30 40 50
Cu-Ni
system
Phase Diagrams:
composition of phases
Rule 2: If we know T and C
o
, then we know:
--the composition of each phase.
Examples:
T
A
A
35
C
o
32
C
L
At T
A
= 1320C:
Only Liquid (L)
C
L
= C
o
( = 35 wt% Ni)
At T
B
= 1250C:
Both o and L
C
L
= C
liquidus
( = 32 wt% Ni here)
C
o
= C
solidus
( = 43 wt% Ni here)
At T
D
= 1190C:
Only Solid ( o )
C
o
= C
o
( = 35 wt% Ni )
C
o
= 35 wt% Ni
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams
of Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
B
T
B
D
T
D
tie line
4
C
o
3
Chapter 9 -
Rule 3: If we know T and C
o
, then we know:
--the amount of each phase (given in wt%).
Examples:
At T
A
: Only Liquid (L)
W
L
= 100 wt%, W
o
= 0
At T
D
: Only Solid ( o )
W
L
= 0, W
o
= 100 wt%
C
o
= 35 wt% Ni
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b), Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.3(b) is adapted from Phase Diagrams of
Binary Nickel Alloys, P. Nash (Ed.), ASM
International, Materials Park, OH, 1991.)
Phase Diagrams:
weight fractions of phases
wt% Ni
20
1200
1300
T(C)
L (liquid)
o
(solid)
3 0 4 0 5 0
Cu-Ni
system
T
A
A
35
C
o
32
C
L
B
T
B
D
T
D
tie line
4
C
o
3
R S
At T
B
: Both o and L
% 73
32 43
35 43
wt =

=
= 27 wt%
W
L

=
S
R + S
W
o

=
R
R + S
Chapter 9-
Interpretation of Phase Diagrams : Lever Rule
Finding the amounts of phases in a two phase
region:
1. Locate composition and temperature in diagram
2. In two phase region draw the tie line or isotherm
3. Fraction of a phase is determined by taking the
length of the tie line to the phase boundary for the
other phase, and dividing by the total length of tie
line
The lever rule is a mechanical analogy to the mass
balance calculation. The tie line in the two-phase
region is analogous to a lever balanced on a
fulcrum.

Proof
Chapter 9-
Sum of weight fractions:
9
Conservation of mass (Ni):
Combine above equations:

W
L
+ W
o
= 1

C
o
= W
L
C
L
+ W
o
C
o
A geometric interpretation:
moment equilibrium:

1 W
o
solving gives Lever Rule

W
L
R = W
o
S
THE LEVER RULE: A PROOF
Chapter 9 -
Tie line connects the phases in equilibrium with
each other - essentially an isotherm
The Lever Rule
How much of each phase?
Think of it as a lever (teeter-totter)

M
L
M
o

R S
R M S M
L
=
o
L
L
L L
L
L
C C
C C
S R
R
W
C C
C C
S R
S
M M
M
W

=
+
=

=
+
=
+
=
o
o
o
o
o
0 0

wt% Ni
20
1200
1300
T(C)
L (liquid)
o
(solid)
3 0 4 0 5 0
B
T
B
tie line
C
o
C
L
C
o
S R
Adapted from Fig. 9.3(b),
Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 -
wt% Ni
20
120 0
130 0
3 0 4 0 5 0
110 0
L (liquid)
o
(solid)
T(C)
A
35
C
o
L: 35wt%Ni
Cu-Ni
system
Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system.
System is:
--binary
i.e., 2 components:
Cu and Ni.
--isomorphous
i.e., complete
solubility of one
component in
another; o phase
field extends from
0 to 100 wt% Ni.
Adapted from Fig. 9.4,
Callister 7e.
Consider
C
o
= 35 wt%Ni.
Ex: Cooling in a Cu-Ni Binary
46
35
43
32
o : 43 wt% Ni
L: 32 wt% Ni
L: 24 wt% Ni
o : 36 wt% Ni
B
o: 46 wt% Ni
L: 35 wt% Ni
C
D
E
24
36
Chapter 9 -
SUMMARY
Development of microstructure in isomorphous alloys during
equilibrium (very slow) cooling
1. Solidification in the solid + liquid phase occurs
gradually upon cooling from the liquidus line.
2. The composition of the solid and the liquid change
gradually during cooling (as can be determined by the
tie-line method.) => DIFFUSION !
3. Nuclei of the solid phase form and they grow to
consume all the liquid at the solidus line.
Chapter 9 -
Phase diagram:
Cu-Ni system.
System is:
--binary
i.e., 2 components:
Cu and Ni.
--isomorphous
i.e., complete
solubility of one
component in
another; o phase
field extends from
0 to 100wt% Ni.
Adapted from Fig. 9.3,
Callister 6e.
Consider
C
o
= 35wt%Ni & fast cooling
Development of microstructure in
isomorphous alloys
Non-equilibrium (fast) cooling

Chapter 9 -
SUMMARY
Development of microstructure in isomorphous alloys during non-equilibrium
(fast) cooling
Compositional changes require diffusion in solid and liquid
phases
Diffusion in the solid state is very slow.
The new layers that solidify on top of the existing grains
have the equilibrium composition at that temperature but
once they are solid their composition does not change.
Formation of layered (cored) grains and the invalidity of the
tie-line method to determine the composition of the solid
phase.
The tie-line method still works for the liquid phase, where
diffusion is fast. Average Ni content of solid grains is higher.
Application of the lever rule gives us a greater proportion of
liquid phase as compared to the one for equilibrium cooling
at the same T.
Solidus line is shifted to the right (higher Ni contents),
solidification is complete at lower T, the outer part of the
grains are richer in the low-melting component (Cu).
Upon heating grain boundaries will melt first. This can lead to
premature mechanical failure at high temperatures.
Chapter 9 -
C
o
changes as we solidify.
Cu-Ni case:
Fast rate of cooling:
Cored structure
Slow rate of cooling:
Equilibrium structure
First o to solidify has C
o
= 46 wt% Ni.
Last o to solidify has C
o
= 35 wt% Ni.
Cored vs Equilibrium Phases
First o to solidify:
46 wt% Ni
Uniform C
o
:
35 wt% Ni
Last o to solidify:
< 35 wt% Ni
Chapter 9 -
Mechanical Properties: Cu-Ni System
Effect of solid solution strengthening on:
--Tensile strength (TS) --Ductility (%EL,%AR)
--Peak as a function of C
o
--Min. as a function of C
o
Adapted from Fig. 9.6(a), Callister 7e. Adapted from Fig. 9.6(b), Callister 7e.
T
e
n
s
i
l
e

S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
M
P
a
)

Composition, wt% Ni
Cu Ni
0 20 40 60 80 100
200
300
400
TS for
pure Ni
TS for pure Cu
E
l
o
n
g
a
t
i
o
n

(
%
E
L
)

Composition, wt% Ni
Cu
Ni
0 20 40 60 80 100
20
30
40
50
60
%EL for
pure Ni
%EL for pure Cu
Chapter 9 -
: Min. melting T
E

2 components
has a special composition
with a min. melting T.
Adapted from Fig. 9.7,
Callister 7e.
Binary-Eutectic Systems
Eutectic transition
L(C
E
) o(C
oE
) + |(C
|E
)

3 single phase regions
(L, o, | )
Limited solubility:
o : mostly Cu
| : mostly Ag
T
E
: No liquid below T
E

C
E

composition
Ex.: Cu-Ag system
Cu-Ag
system




L (liquid)
o L + o
L + |
|
o + |
C
o
, wt% Ag
20 40 60 80 100 0
200
1200
T(C)
400
600
800
1000
C
E

T
E

8.0 71.9 91.2
779C

Chapter 9-
More Information on Eutectic Systems (I)
Eutectic isotherm
3 phases are in eqm
Chapter 9-
More Information on Eutectic Systems (II)
Eutectic reaction transition between liquid and
mixture of two solid phases, + , at eutectic
concentration C
E
.
The melting point of the eutectic alloy is lower than that
of the components (eutectic = easy to melt in Greek).
At most two phases can be in equilibrium within a
phase field. Three phases (L, , ) may be in
equilibrium only at a few points along the eutectic
isotherm.
Single phase regions are separated by 2-phase
regions.
Chapter 9 -
L + o
L + |
o + |
200
T(C)
18.3
C, wt% Sn
20 60 80
100
0
300
100
L (liquid)
o
183C

61.9 97.8
|
For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 150C, find...
--the phases present:
Pb-Sn
system
EX: Pb-Sn Eutectic System (1)
o + |
--compositions of phases:
C
O
= 40 wt% Sn
--the relative amount
of each phase:
150
40
C
o

11
C
o

99
C
|

S R
C
o
= 11 wt% Sn
C
|
= 99 wt% Sn
W
o
=
C
|
- C
O

C
|
- C
o
=
99 - 40
99 - 11

=
59
88

= 67 wt%
S
R+S

=
W
|
=
C
O
- C
o

C
|
- C
o
=
R
R+S

=
29
88

= 33 wt% =
40 - 11
99 - 11

Adapted from Fig. 9.8,
Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 -
L + |
o + |
200
T(C)
C, wt% Sn
20 60 80
100
0
300
100
L (liquid)
o

|
L + o
183C
For a 40 wt% Sn-60 wt% Pb alloy at 200C, find...
--the phases present:
Pb-Sn
system
Adapted from Fig. 9.8,
Callister 7e.
EX: Pb-Sn Eutectic System (2)
o + L
--compositions of phases:
C
O
= 40 wt% Sn
--the relative amount
of each phase:
W
o
=
C
L
- C
O

C
L
- C
o
=
46 - 40
46 - 17

=
6
29

= 21 wt%
W
L
=
C
O
- C
o

C
L
- C
o
=
23
29

= 79 wt%
40
C
o

46
C
L

17
C
o

220
S R
C
o
= 17 wt% Sn
C
L
= 46 wt% Sn
Chapter 9 -
C
o
< 2 wt% Sn
Result:
--at extreme ends
--polycrystal of o grains
i.e., only one solid phase.
Adapted from Fig. 9.11,
Callister 7e.
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: I
0
L
+ o
200
T(C)
C
o
, wt% Sn
10
2
20
C
o

300
100
L
o
30
o + |
400
(room T solubility limit)
T
E
(Pb-Sn
System)
o
L
L: C
o
wt% Sn
o: C
o
wt% Sn
Chapter 9 -
2 wt% Sn < C
o
< 18.3 wt% Sn
Result:
Initially liquid + o
then o alone
finally two phases
o polycrystal
fine |-phase inclusions
Adapted from Fig. 9.12,
Callister 7e.
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: II
Pb-Sn
system
L
+ o
200
T(C)
C
o
, wt% Sn
10
18.3
20 0
C
o

300
100
L
o
30
o + |
400
(sol. limit at T
E
)
T
E

2
(sol. limit at T
room
)
L
o
L: C
o
wt% Sn
o
|
o: C
o
wt% Sn
Chapter 9 -
C
o
= C
E

Result: Eutectic microstructure (lamellar structure)
--alternating layers (lamellae) of o and | crystals.
Adapted from Fig. 9.13,
Callister 7e.
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: III
Adapted from Fig. 9.14, Callister 7e.
160 m
Micrograph of Pb-Sn
eutectic
microstructure
Pb-Sn
system
L + |
o + |
200
T(C)
C, wt% Sn
20 60 80 100 0
300
100
L
o

|
L + o
183C
40
T
E

18.3
o: 18.3 wt%Sn
97.8
|: 97.8 wt% Sn
C
E

61.9
L: C
o
wt% Sn
Chapter 9 -
Lamellar Eutectic Structure
Adapted from Figs. 9.14 & 9.15, Callister
7e.
Chapter 9-
Development of microstructure in eutectic alloys
(IV)
Compositions of and phases are very
different:
eutectic reaction involves
redistribution/diffusion of Pb and Sn atoms
by atomic diffusion. WHY ?
simultaneous formation of and phases
result in a layered (lamellar) microstructure
that is called eutectic structure.
Chapter 9 -
18.3 wt% Sn < C
o
< 61.9 wt% Sn
Result: o crystals and a eutectic microstructure
Microstructures
in Eutectic Systems: IV
18.3 61.9
S R
97.8
S R
primary o
eutectic o
eutectic |
W
L
= (1- W
o
) = 50 wt%
C
o
= 18.3 wt% Sn
C
L
= 61.9 wt% Sn
S
R + S
W
o = = 50 wt%
Just above T
E
:
Just below T
E
:
C
o
= 18.3 wt% Sn
C
|
= 97.8 wt% Sn
S
R + S
W
o = = 73 wt%
W
|
= 27 wt%
Adapted from Fig. 9.16,
Callister 7e.
Pb-Sn
system
L + |
200
T(C)
C
o
, wt% Sn
20 60 80 100 0
300
100
L
o
|
L + o
40
o
+
|
T
E

L: C
o
wt% Sn
L
o
L
o
Chapter 9 -
L + o
L + |
o + |
200
C
o
, wt% Sn
20 60 80 100 0
300
100
L
o

|
T
E

40
(Pb-Sn
System)
Hypoeutectic & Hypereutectic
Adapted from Fig. 9.8,
Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.8
adapted from Binary Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol. 3,
T.B. Massalski (Editor-in-
Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH, 1990.)
160 m
eutectic micro-constituent
Adapted from Fig. 9.14,
Callister 7e.
hypereutectic: (illustration only)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Adapted from Fig. 9.17,
Callister 7e. (Illustration
only)
(Figs. 9.14 and 9.17
from Metals
Handbook, 9th ed.,
Vol. 9,
Metallography and
Microstructures,
American Society for
Metals, Materials
Park, OH, 1985.)
175 m
o
o
o
o
o
o
hypoeutectic: C
o
= 50 wt% Sn
Adapted from
Fig. 9.17, Callister 7e.
T(C)
61.9
eutectic
eutectic: C
o
= 61.9 wt% Sn
Chapter 9 -
Intermetallic Compounds
Mg
2
Pb
Note: intermetallic compound forms a line - not an area -
because stoichiometry (i.e. composition) is exact.
Adapted from
Fig. 9.20, Callister 7e.
Chapter 9 -
Eutectoid & Peritectic
Eutectic - liquid in equilibrium with two solids
L o + |

cool
heat
intermetallic compound
- cementite
cool
heat
Eutectoid - solid phase in equation with two solid
phases
S
2
S
1
+S
3
o + Fe
3
C (727C)
cool
heat
Peritectic - liquid + solid 1 solid 2 (Fig 9.21)
S
1
+ L S
2

o + L (1493C)
Chapter 9 -
Eutectoid & Peritectic
Cu-Zn Phase diagram
Adapted from
Fig. 9.21, Callister 7e.
Eutectoid transition o + c
Peritectic transition + L o
Chapter 9 -
Iron-Carbon (Fe-C) Phase Diagram
2 important
points
-Eutectoid (B):

o + Fe
3
C
-Eutectic (A):

L + Fe
3
C
Adapted from Fig. 9.24,Callister 7e.
F
e
3
C

(
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
t
e
)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
L

(austenite)
+L
+Fe
3
C
o +Fe
3
C
L+Fe
3
C
o
(Fe)
C
o
, wt% C
1148C
T(C)
o
727C = T
eutectoid
A
S R
4.30
Result: Pearlite =
alternating layers of
o and Fe
3
C phases
120 m
(Adapted from Fig. 9.27, Callister 7e.)



R S
0.76
C
e
u
t
e
c
t
o
i
d

B
Fe
3
C (cementite-hard)
o (ferrite-soft)
Chapter 9-
Info on Fe phases
-ferrite - solid solution of C in BCC Fe
Stable form of iron at room temperature.
The maximum solubility of C is 0.022 wt%
Transforms to FCC g-austenite at 912 C
-austenite - solid solution of C in FCC Fe
The maximum solubility of C is 2.14 wt %.
Transforms to BCC d-ferrite at 1395 C
Is not stable below the eutectic temperature (727 C) unless
cooled rapidly (Chapter 10)
-ferrite solid solution of C in BCC Fe
The same structure as a-ferrite
Stable only at high T, above 1394 C
Melts at 1538 C
Fe3C (iron carbide or cementite)
This intermetallic compound is metastable, it remains as a
compound indefinitely at room T, but decomposes (very
slowly, within several years) into a-Fe and C (graphite) at
650 - 700 C
Chapter 9 -
Hypoeutectoid Steel
Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.29,Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
1990.)
F
e
3
C

(
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
t
e
)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
L

(austenite)
+L
+ Fe
3
C
o
+ Fe
3
C
L+Fe
3
C
o
(Fe)
C
o

, wt% C
1148C
T(C)
o
727C
(Fe-C
System)
C
0

0
.
7
6

Adapted from Fig. 9.30,Callister 7e.
proeutectoid ferrite
pearlite
100 m
Hypoeutectoid
steel
R S
o
w
o
= S /( R + S )
w
Fe
3
C
= (1- w
o
)
w
pearlite
= w

pearlite
r s
w
o
= s /( r + s )
w

= (1- w
o
)




o
o
o







Chapter 9 -
Hypereutectoid Steel
F
e
3
C

(
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
t
e
)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
L

(austenite)
+L
+Fe
3
C
o +Fe
3
C
L+Fe
3
C
o
(Fe)
C
o

, wt%C
1148C
T(C)
o
Adapted from Figs. 9.24
and 9.32,Callister 7e.
(Fig. 9.24 adapted from
Binary Alloy Phase
Diagrams, 2nd ed., Vol.
1, T.B. Massalski (Ed.-in-
Chief), ASM International,
Materials Park, OH,
1990.)
(Fe-C
System)
0
.
7
6

C
o

Adapted from Fig. 9.33,Callister 7e.
proeutectoid Fe
3
C
60 m
Hypereutectoid
steel
pearlite
R S
w
o
= S /( R + S )
w
Fe
3
C
= (1- w
o
)
w
pearlite
= w

pearlite
s r
w
Fe
3
C
= r /( r + s )
w

=(1- w
Fe
3
C
)
Fe
3
C











Chapter 9 -
Example: Phase Equilibria
For a 99.6 wt% Fe-0.40 wt% C at a temperature
just below the eutectoid, determine the
following
a) composition of Fe
3
C and ferrite (o)
b) the amount of carbide (cementite) in grams
that forms per 100 g of steel
c) the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid
ferrite (o)
Chapter 9 -
Chapter 9 Phase Equilibria
Solution:
g 3 . 94
g 5.7 C Fe
g 7 . 5 100
022 . 0 7 . 6
022 . 0 4 . 0

100 x
C Fe
C Fe
3
C Fe 3
3
3
= o
=
=

=
o +
o
o
x
C C
C C
o
b) the amount of carbide
(cementite) in grams that
forms per 100 g of steel
a) composition of Fe
3
C and ferrite (o)
C
O
= 0.40 wt% C
C
o
= 0.022 wt% C
C
Fe C
= 6.70 wt% C
3
F
e
3
C

(
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
t
e
)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
L

(austenite)
+L
+ Fe
3
C
o
+ Fe
3
C
L+Fe
3
C
o
C
o

, wt% C
1148C
T(C)
727C
C
O

R S
C
Fe C

3
C
o

Chapter 9 -
Chapter 9 Phase Equilibria
c. the amount of pearlite and proeutectoid ferrite (o)
note: amount of pearlite = amount of just above T
E
C
o
= 0.40 wt% C
C
o
= 0.022 wt% C
C
pearlite
= C

= 0.76 wt% C

+ o
=
C
o
C
o
C

C
o
x 100= 51.2 g
pearlite = 51.2 g
proeutectoid o = 48.8 g
F
e
3
C

(
c
e
m
e
n
t
i
t
e
)

1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 6.7
L

(austenite)
+L
+ Fe
3
C
o
+ Fe
3
C
L+Fe
3
C
o
C
o

, wt% C
1148C
T(C)
727C
C
O

R S
C

C
o

Chapter 9 -
Alloying Steel with More Elements
T
eutectoid
changes: C
eutectoid
changes:
Adapted from Fig. 9.34,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.34
from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals,
1939, p. 127.)
Adapted from Fig. 9.35,Callister 7e. (Fig. 9.35
from Edgar C. Bain, Functions of the Alloying
Elements in Steel, American Society for Metals,
1939, p. 127.)
T
E
u
t
e
c
t
o
i
d


(

C
)

wt. % of alloying elements
Ti
Ni
Mo
Si
W
Cr
Mn
wt. % of alloying elements
C
e
u
t
e
c
t
o
i
d


(
w
t
%
C
)

Ni
Ti
Cr
Si
Mn
W
Mo
Chapter 9- 25
Phase diagrams are useful tools to determine:
--the number and types of phases,
--the wt% of each phase,
--and the composition of each phase
for a given T and composition of the system.
Alloying to produce a solid solution usually
--increases the tensile strength (TS)
--decreases the ductility.
Binary eutectics and binary eutectoids allow for
a range of microstructures.
SUMMARY
Chapter 9-
Reading: Chapter 9 and Chapter 10
Use the CD !
Core Problems: 9.11, 9.12, 9.34, 9.44,
Self-help Problems: 9.61, 9.62
0
ANNOUNCEMENTS
Homework due January 5th, 2009