Professional Circle

Motivational Words To Choose The Topic

We will make use of electricity so efficient that only the rich will burn candles.

FoE
MEMBERS INVOLVED:

BASANT KUMAR JHA

DY. MANAGER

RAHUL SHUKLA
ASST. MANAGER

O. P. MEENA
ASST. MANAGER

DEPARTMENT OF O&M OPERATIONS ( GROUP 2 )

Introduction
India is facing significant growth in electricity demand and could benefit greatly by using energy efficient lighting systems.

Lighting is the most visible form of electricity consumption and lighting load in our country is very high about 17-18% of total load. By increasing the efficiency of lighting system, there can be significant energy saving and reduction in peak load.

Terms in Lighting
The most common measure of light output (or luminous flux) is the lumen. The distribution of light on a surface is called illumination. Illumination is measured in footcandles or Lux. A footcandle of illumination is a lumen of light distributed over a 1-square-foot area.

Terms in Lighting
Luminous efficacy of a source is the ratio of light output from a lamp to the electric power it consumes and is measured in lumens per watt (LPW). Color Rendition Index (CRI) is ability of a light source to

accurately reproduce colours of objects in comparison with an ideal source. A scale of 0 to 100 defines the CRI.

Evolution of Lighting
Incandescent bulbs, which are now considered as heaters, generate 90% heat and accidentally give out light. High Intensity Discharge (MV, MH, HPSV). Fluorescent tube lights / CFL . Light Emitting Diode (LED) / OLED.

Incandescent Lamp
Works on principle of incandescence. Advantages: Inexpensive. Warm up not required. Not Temperature sensitive. Disadvantages: Inefficient (10 - 25 lumens/watt). Short lamp life (1000 hrs). Vibration & Voltage sensitive. High heat output.

High-Intensity Discharge
Utilize an internal arc tube and outer envelope construction. Require a ballast for operation. All HID lamps require a warm-up period. Require a cool-down period before re-striking.

Higher efficacy and longer service life.

High-Intensity Discharge
Most common types : Metal Halide (MH).

High Pressure Sodium Vapour (HPSV).

Mercury Vapour (MV).

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Filled with argon or argon-krypton gas and a small amount of mercury. Coated on the inside with phosphors. An electric discharge (current) is maintained between the electrodes. This current excites the mercury atoms, causing them to emit invisible ultraviolet (UV) radiation. This UV radiation is converted into visible light by the phosphors lining the tube.

Compact Fluorescent Lamp

Advantages:

Efficient (75+ lumens/watt). Long life (10,000 hours). Low heat output. Improved CRI.
Disadvantages: Require a ballast. Temperature sensitive .

Ballast
Required for operation of fluorescent lamps and discharge lamps.
Provides initial arc to start the lamp.

Regulates current during operation.

Two main types: electromagnetic electronic

Merits of electronic ballasts over magnetic ballasts

Energy savings of about 30 to 50 %. Lights instantly. Improved power factor (more than 0.90 power factor). Less heat dissipation. No audible humming sound.

Operates on low voltage.

Lightweight. Increases the life of lamp.

CFL with an integrated ballast

Fluorescent to LEDs

Fluorescent tube lights have been there for years and would continue to be in use for some more years. CFLs contain a very small amount of mercury sealed within the glass tubing - an average of 4 milligrams and major drawback is that mercury is non-biodegradable. Fluorescent tube light also emit UV radiations.

Light Emitting Diodes

Longer life (around 50,000 hours). Consumes 50% less energy than a CFL. LED bulbs contain no mercury. Can withstands high voltage fluctuations. .

Key Product Features of LED lights 1/2

No-emission of IR and UV rays, mercury gases.

Do not have ballasts thus, no interference.

Existing fixtures can be used. Operates on universal input range.

Less maintenance.
LEDs wont contribute to heat build-up.

Key Product Features of LED lights 2/2

Instant light, dimmable.

Insects are not attracted.

Reduce Carbon Footprints at large scale making it viable to earn carbon credits.

Can withstand great amount of vibration, shock and temperature variations.

Rich and vibrant colours.

Applications

LED to OLED
Both OLED and LED use the same principle of electroluminescence- the optical and electrical phenomenon where certain materials emit light in response to an electric current passing through it. OLED
Lightweight.
Less power consumption. Organic based chemicals.

How It Works

Two substrate layers: Emissive and conductive layer.

Cathode gives electrons to the emissive layer, Anode withdraws electrons from the conductive layer. Charges recombine. Drop in energy levels emit light.

TYPES
PASSIVE MATRIX ACTIVE MATRIX

ORGANIC LED
Self-emitting and therefore require no backlight, further reducing thickness, weight and cost.

Viewing angle up to 160 degrees.

Expensive.

Sensitive to moisture.

AMOLED (active-matrix organic light-emitting diode) is a display technology for use in mobile devices and televisions.

Applications

Applications

Applications

Comparison

Incandescent Watts 40 60 80 100 150

CFL Watts 8 12 13 18 19 22 23 30 31 55

LED Watts 45 68 9 13 14 19 21 28

Lumens (Brightness) 450 890 1210 1750 2780

Best Practices 1/3

Use of LED lamps in place of CFL. Installation of high frequency (HF) electronic ballasts. Use of high efficacy light sources. Installation of energy efficient fluorescent lamps (T-5) in place of conventional fluorescent lamps (T-12). Solar Lighting Systems.

Best Practices 2/3

Use of HPSV lamps. Optimizing the installation height of lamp. Use of efficient lighting controllers. Use of mirror optic fluorescent lamps. Use of efficient luminaires.

Best Practices 3/3

Selective switching.

Utilization of daylight.
Luminaires of high space to height ratio. Higher reflectance surfaces of the room. Task oriented lighting.

CONTROLS
Occupancy sensors
Timed Switches

Photocells
Dimmers / Lighting Control Panels

Solar Lighting Systems

Solar Lanterns
About 65 million people in Africa will gain access to safe and clean lighting using solar by 2015.

Solar Home Lighting systems

Light emitting diode (LED) has revolutionized solar energy products.
SOLAR POWERED LED HOME LIGHT IN A HUT

Solar Street Lighting

Solar LED Streetlights

Light Pipes Day Light

Material used is highly reflective and the angles at which the tube turns and rotates are kept such that maximum amount of light gets transported with little or no loss along the way.

Light Pipes Day Light

Anatomy of Light Pipes

THE DOME : Made of crystal or Plexiglas.

TUBE : The reflective layer is made of silver and silicon oxides which are fixed by chemical vapor deposition in a vacuum.

DIFFUSER : Light pipe's diffuser is of sodium-potassium glass or of Plexiglas..

Light Pollution
It is unwanted or harmful light that performs no function or task. Such as Sky glow Glare

Negative Impact on Wildlife

Animals and plants live by a rhythm based on a 24 hour cycle. Wildlife and fish can become disoriented by too much artificial light at night. It interferes with migration, mating, foraging for food, and sleep.

Negative Impact on Human Health

Light trespass into bedrooms disrupts sleep patterns. Glare in the eyes can be blinding and reduces night vision. Impacts biological clocks.

Shielded Luminaires

Recessed Lighting
Poor Good

Comparison Cost of 50000 Hrs of Light

COST OF BULB LIFE OF BULB NUMBER OF BULBS X = PRICE PER BULB (INR) COST OF BULB FOR 50000 HRS OF LIGHT (INR) COST OF ELECTRICITY TOTAL HRS X = X = WATTAGE TOTAL KWH CONSUMPTION PRICE OF ELECTRICITY PER KWH (CONSIDERED 3 RS/KWH) COST OF ELECTRICITY LIFE CYCLE COST COST OF BULBS + = COST OF ELECTRICITY LIFE CYCLE COST ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT TOTAL KWH X KG OF CO2 PER KWH ( SP COAL 0.6 KG/KWH ) COMPACT FLUROSCENT LAMP 10000 HRS 5 200 1000 COMPACT FLUROSCENT LAMP 50000 18 900 3 2700 COMPACT FLUROSCENT LAMP 800 (INT. COMP.) 2700 3500 CFL CONTAINS MERCURY 900 2.2 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 50000 HRS 1 1000 1000 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 50000 9 450 3 1350 LIGHT EMITTING DIODE 1000 1350 2350 LED IS ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY 450 2.2

CASE STUDY - NTPC SIPAT

CCR STAGE 2 :
USED SOURCE: CFL (50 NOS) REPLACED: BY LED (SAME ILLUMINANCE) LIFE CYCLE BENEFIT FOR 50000 HRS OF OPERATION NET SAVINGS FOR 50000 HRS OF OPERATION WATTAGE WATTAGE INR (3500 2350) INR (1150 X 50) 18 9 1150 57500

REDUCTION IN CO2 EMISSION

KGS (990 X 50)

49.5 T

CASE STUDY - NTPC SIPAT

Number of 18 watt CFL Used In NTPC Sipat = 10000 (Assumed). If replaced by 9 watt LED then savings for 50000 hrs of operation would be = 1,15,00,000 INR. = 1.15 Crores.

Carbon dioxide savings in tons = 990 X 10000 5000 =4950 =9900 tons tons . .

Thank You

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