Oleh : Christine A, dr.

Belongs to the group of connective tissue fluid

Matrix is

I. General features of the blood

A. Two Divisions
Human Total blood volume 5 liter

Two parts : formed element :

Blood cells + Platelets (45%)

Plasma

(55%)

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Plasma

Leukocytes

Erythrocytes

Hematocrit tubes with blood, Left : Before centifugation. Right : After centrifugation. The red blood cell represent 43% of the blood volume in the centrifuged tube, between the sedimented red blood cells and the supernatant light - colored plasma is a thin layer of leukocytes; this layer is called the buffy coat.

B. Basic cells types :

Erytrocytes (red blood cells) Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Thrombocytes

C. Hematocrit : Percentage of packed erythrocytes per unit volume of blood Adult : 35 50% ( : 40 50%, : 35 45 %)

Blood sample

Centrifuge

3 major fractions

1. Erythrocytes

Densest fraction
bottom of the tube Less dense Form a thin white or grayish layer over the erythrocytes, called = buffycoat Clear

2. Leukocytes

3. On the top of the buffy coat is thin layer platelets

4. The least dense : layer of plasma D. Differential cell count Blood smear cells are stained differential by type

II. Composition of plasma A. Water : 90 %

B. Solutes : 10%

1. Plasma protein (7%) : - Albumin - Globulins - Fibrinogen

2. Organic compounds (2.1%) :

Nutrients : Amino acids, Glucose, Vitamins, Lipids 3. Inorganic Salts (0.9%) Electrolytes : Sodium, Pottasium, Calcium salts

III. Formed Elements :

A. ERYTHROCYTES
Red blood cells RBCs 4 6 x 106 / mm3 : 7 8 m, thickness 2.6 m, central thickness 0.8 m Biconcave discs Lack nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles (mature RBc) Lifespan 120 days Cytoplasma : protein hemoglobin Function : Transport oxygen from the lungs to other tissues.

1. Normal Structure

2. Abnormalities
a. b. c. Anisocytosis, > 9m Nuclear fragments circular filaments Reticulocytes Macrocytes and < 6m Howell - Jolly - bodies, Cabot ring microcytes

3. Hemoglobin
Males = 13.2 17.7 g/dl Female = 11.9 15.5 g/dl Hemoglobin molecule consists : 4 polypeptide subunit Iron containing hemic group Bind reversibly to oxygen oxyhemoglobin to carbondioxide carbaminohemoglobin Hb postnatal life : Hb A1 = 97% Hb A2 = 2% Hb F = 1% N Adult

4. Plasmalemma and stroma RBCs + hypotonic solution swell and release their hemoglobin hemolysis leave empty shell red cell ghost (plasmalemma + stroma) Stroma is composed of protein/spectrin (internal surface) maintains the biconcave shape External surface covered by carbohydrate rich glycocalyx contain determined antigens blood types

1. Eosinophils

4. Lymphocytes
4 7

The blood platelets

2. Basophils
2

1
3 6 5 3

Erythrocytes

3. Neutrophils

5. Monocytes

B. LEUKOCYTES
White blood cells 6000 10.000/mm3 Nucleated Two main groups : Granulocytes Agranulocytes

Cytoplasmic granules : Specific granulocytes (neutrophilic, eosinophilic, basophilic) Azurophilic granules agranulocytes occur in granulocytes and Diapedesis

Leukocytes can leave capillaries

1. Agranulocytes
a. Unsegmented nuclei mononuclear leukocytes Specific granules Azurophilic granules + Lymphocytes N : 20 25% Also found in lymphatic organ and dispersed in connective tissue Lymphocytes T and B Respond to foreign antigen Size : 6 18 m (Small, Medium, Large) Nucleus : a. Speric and often flatenned on one side b. Heterochromatic c. Purplish blue to black

b.

Cytoplasm : a. Pale basophilia b. Few purplish azurophilic granules c. Thin rim around the nucleus pale blue d. Free ribosomes e. Few mitochondria f. Small golgi complex Monocytes Largest of the white cells 3 8% Found only in blood remain in blood < 7 days phagocytic : 12 15 Nucleus : ovoid, kidney or horseshoe shaped, eccentrically Nucleoli : 2 3 Cytoplasm : a. Blue gray b. Azurophilic granule + c. Small mitochondria d. Golgi apparatus e. Sparse RER, polyribosomes

2. Granulocytes

a.

Segmented nuclei 2 - 7 lobes connecting by thin stands of nucleoplasm

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN Ls) Specific granules +
Neutrophils 60 70% Also found outside the blood stream Cellular defense against the invasion of bacteria phagocytes 12 m Nucleus condensed chromatin, 3 lobes active

Female small heterochromatic body extends from one of the nuclear lobes inactive X chromosome (barr body) referred as a drumstick
Cytoplasm : a. b. Specific granules + ( 0.3 0.8 m) alkaline posphatase salmon pink contains

Azenophilic granules + contains peroxidase and lysosomal enzymes (reddish purple) largest.

b.

Eosinophils

1 4%
Leave the blood stream Phagocytis Eosinophils increased (allergic reaction or parasitic infection) Decreased Size 9 m Nucleus Two lobes, condensed chromatin Often obscured by the numerous specific granules Eosinophilic granules ++ (0.5 1.5 m) respons to treatment with exogenous corticosteroids diapedesis

Cytoplasm :
contains peroxidase, acid phosphotase, arginine rich major basic protein is an antiparasitic agent to be responsible for the acidophilia of the granular.

c. Basophils
0 1%

May leave the circulation, limited ameboid movement and pagocytosis

Size 10 12 m
Nucleus : Condensed chromatin, 3 lobes twisted into an shape often obscured by the large dark staining granules

Cytoplasm : a. Specific granules : irreguler shape, vary in size, reddish-violet to black, contain heparin and histamine

The Five Types of human Leukocytes

1

1. Neutrophilic Granulocyte
2. Eosinophilic Granulocyte
4

3. Basophilic Granulocyte 4. Lymphocyte

5. Monocyte

Stage of Development of Erythrocytes and Granulocytes

12 1

13 2 7 14 18

3
8 19

15

10

16

11

17

20

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatophilic erythroblast Orthochromatophilic erythroblast Reticulocyte Erythrocyte Early neutrophilic myelocyte Late neutrophilic myelocyte Neutrophilic metamyelocyte Band cell Mature neutrophil Myeloblast Promyelocyte Early eosinophilic Myelocyte Late eosinophilic myelocyte Eosinophilic metamyelocyte Mature eosinophil Early basophilic myelocyte Late basophilic Mature basophil

C. PLATELETS
Thrombocytes Derive from megakaryocytes Dislike cell fragments 2 5 m Lack nuclei 150.000 300.000/mm2 Lifespan 8 days

In blood smears the appear in clumps

Each platelet has a : a. Peripheral hyalomere (blue)

b.

Dense central granulomere contains few mitochondria and glycogen granules and a variety of purple granules

ROLE OF PLATELETS :

1. Primary aggregation
Platelets + Collagen

Platelets Plug

2. Secondary aggregation
Platelets Plug (alpha and della granules)

Serotonin Vasoconstrictor (contraction of smooth muscle)

3. Blood coagulation
Platelets
Fibrinogen

Fibrinogen
Fibrin Clot

Clothing factor

Clotting Factor (I XIII)

Cloted blood consists of 2 parts : 1. The clot (thrombus) includes the formedelements and some protein 2. Serum, clear yellow liquid