Chapter 25

The Digestive System

Kevin Yocum Fall 2013

Objectives for 25.1

List the structures and major functions of the digestive system. Distinguish between chemical and mechanical digestion. Discuss substrates and digestion. List regions and accessory organs.

Digestive Function
Ingestion Digestion Absorption Compaction Defecation

Chemical Vs. Mechanical

Mechanical
Physical breakdown of food Mouth, stomach, small intestines

Chemical
Hydrolysis reactions Breakdown of macromolecules Mouth, stomach, small intestines

Digestive Anatomy
Tract
Mouth to anus

Accessory organs
Teeth, tongue, salivary glands Liver, gall bladder, pancreas

Figure 25.1

Fig. 25.1

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Digestive Tract Layers

Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis Serosa Figure 25.2

Fig. 25.2

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Peritoneum
Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum Mesentery Omentum
Greater Lesser

Figure 25.3

Fig. 25.3

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Checkpoint Questions
The inner lining of the digestive tract is called the ______. The salivary glands are ________ digestive organs. A large, fatty apron that covers the small intestines is called the _____ _______.

Checkpoint Answers
The inner lining of the digestive tract is called the mucosa. The salivary glands are accessory digestive organs. A large, fatty apron that covers the small intestines is called the greater omentum.

Objectives for 25.2

Describe the anatomy of the mouth through the esophagus. Describe the composition and functions of saliva. Explain the neural control of salivation and swallowing.

The Mouth
Oral (Buccal) cavity- Fig. 25.4 Cheeks and lips Tongue
Papillae and tonsils

Palate
Hard and soft Uvula

Fig. 25.4

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

The Teeth

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Salivation
Mastication Saliva
Amylase and lipase Lysozomes IgA

Salivary glands- Fig. 25.9-10

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual

Salivary nuclei

Fig. 25.9

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Fig. 25.10

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Salivary Nuclei
Pons and medulla Autonomic fibers
Parasympathetic response Sympathetic response

The Esophagus
Cardiac orifice Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Heartburn

Esophageal glands

Swallowing
Deglutition- Fig 25.11 Buccal phase
Voluntary control Bolus

Pharyngoesophageal phase
Involuntary Peristalsis

Fig. 25.11

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Checkpoint Questions
The teeth are collectively called the _______. Salivary _______ begins starch digestion in the mouth. Swallowing is also known as ________.

Checkpoint Answers
The teeth are collectively called the dentition. Salivary amylase begins starch digestion in the mouth. Swallowing is also known as deglutition.

Objectives for 25.3

Describe the anatomy of the stomach. State the functions of the epithelial cells of the gastric mucosa. Describe the gastric secretions. Explain hydrochloric acid & pepsin. Describe the phases of gastric function.

The Stomach
Cardiac region Fundic region Body Pyloric region Rugae

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Microanatomy
Mucous cells Stem cells Parietal cells Chief cells Enteroendocrine cells
Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

Activates pepsin and lingual lipase Breaks up CT and plant cell walls Converts ferric ions to ferrous ions Destroys ingested pathogens

Figure 25.14

Figure 25.14

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Other Gastric Secretions

Pepsin- Figure 25.15
Proteins

Gastric lipase Intrinsic factor

Vitamin B12

Gut-brain peptides

Fig. 25.15

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Gastric Secretions

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Regulation of Gastric Function

Cephalic phase Gastric phase Intestinal phase Figures 25.17-18

Fig. 25.17

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Fig. 25.18

Notes: From Saladin 6th Ed.

Checkpoint Questions
The inferior-most region of the stomach is the _____. Protein digestion is aided by the presence of the enzyme _____. During the ______ phase, the vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion before food is swallowed.

Checkpoint Answers
The inferior-most region of the stomach is the pyloric. Protein digestion is aided by the presence of the enzyme pepsin. During the cephalic phase, the vagus nerve stimulates gastric secretion before food is swallowed.

References
Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology, The Unity of Form and Function, Sixth Ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.