Professional Documents
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Types of Forests
Forests cover 30% of earths land surface Old-growth forests Second-growth forests Tree plantation
25 yrs
Clear cut
Seedlings planted
5 yrs
10 yrs
Fig. 9-3, p. 180
Natural Capital
Forests
Ecological Services
Support energy flow and chemical cycling
Economic Services
Fuelwood
Lumber Pulp to make paper
Mining
Livestock grazing
Recreation
Jobs
Fig. 9-4, p. 181
Need to start factoring values into land use Ecological services can be a sustainable source of ecological income
Harvest Methods
Step one: build roads
Erosion Invasive species Open up for human invasion
Cleared plots New highway for grazing Cleared plots for agriculture Old growth
Highway
Cleared plots New highway for grazing Cleared plots for agriculture Old growth
Highway
Stepped Art
Fig. 9-5, p. 182
Clear stream
Fig. 9-6, p. 182
(b) Clear-cutting
Muddy stream
Uncut
Cut 1 year ago Dirt road Cut 310 years ago Uncut
Clear stream
Clear stream Muddy stream (c) Strip cutting Uncut Cut 1 year ago Dirt road Cut 310 years ago
Uncut
Crown fires
Burn the entire tree Hot fire Occur in forests with lack of surface fires
Tropical Forests
Cover 6% of earths land area Habitat for 50% of terrestrial plants and animals
Vulnerable to extinction specialized niches
Secondary Causes
Roads Fires Settler farming Cash crops Cattle ranching Logging Tree plantations
Cattle ranching
Logging
Fires Roads
Solutions
Sustaining Tropical Forests
Prevention
Protect the most diverse and endangered areas Educate settlers about sustainable agriculture and forestry Subsidize only sustainable forest use Protect forests with debt-for-nature swaps and conservation concessions Rehabilitate degraded areas
Restoration
Encourage regrowth through secondary succession
Grasslands
Provide important ecological services Second most used and altered ecosystem by humans 42% grazed by cattle, sheep, and goats rangeland (open) and pasture (fenced) Overgrazing
9-4 How Should We Manage and Sustain Parks and Nature Reserves?
Concept 9-4 We need to put more resources into sustaining existing parks and nature reserves and into protecting much more of the earths remaining undisturbed land area.
National Parks
>1,100 national parks in 120 countries Only 1% of parks in developing countries are protected
Local people invade parks to survive Logging Mining Poaching
Nicaragua
Caribbean Sea
Costa Rica
Panama
Pacific Ocean
National parkland Buffer zone
Fig. 9-18, p. 194
Developing countries economically poor and biodiversity rich Protect biodiversity hotspots
Ecological Restoration
Restoration Rehabilitation Replacement Creating artificial ecosystems
Restoration Ecology
Creating new habitats to conserve species diversity in areas where people live, work, play People learn to protect local species and ecosystems Sustainable ecotourism Golden Gate Park in San Francisco
Likely extinction
34% marine fish species 71% freshwater species Greater than any other group of species
Overfishing
Fishery Fishprint 157% overfishing 90% of large open-ocean fishes have disappeared since 1950
Trawler fishing
Spotter airplane
Trawler fishing
Drift-net fishing Long line fishing lines with hooks Deep sea aquaculture cage Float Buoy
Stepped Art
Solutions
Managing Fisheries
Fishery Regulations Set catch limits well below the maximum sustainable yield Improve monitoring and enforcement of regulations Economic Approaches Sharply reduce or eliminate fishing subsidies Charge fees for harvesting fish and shellfish from publicly owned offshore waters Certify sustainable fisheries Protect Areas Establish no-fishing areas Establish more marine protected areas Rely more on integrated coastal management Consumer Information Label sustainably harvested fish Publicize overfished and threatened species Bycatch Use wide-meshed nets to allow escape of smaller fish Use net escape devices for seabirds and sea turtles Ban throwing edible and marketable fish back into the sea Aquaculture Restrict coastal locations for fish farms Control pollution more strictly Depend more on herbivorous fish species Nonnative Invasions Kill organisms in ship ballast water Filter organisms from ship ballast water Dump ballast water far at sea and replace with deep-sea water Fig. 9-24, p. 202
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