TUNNEL

Ken Prabowo B.D.S. / 12010062

Outline
Definition Background Role of Engineering Geology Tunnel Hazards Stress Methods of Excavation Failure Preventions Simple Case Study
Engineering Geology Modeling

Whats tunnel?
Tunnel is an artificial underground hollow structure.

Engineering Geology Modeling

Why do we need tunnel?

Limited space on surface Underground mining Economic reasons ex : Gotthard trans tunnel.

Engineering Geology Modeling

Why am I interested in tunnel engineering?

Imagine Indonesia in 5, 10, 20, and 100 years. How will our transportation system develops? Where will we build any development? What will our industry needs? What will we need to develop our economy? Where will we find our natural resources?

GO UNDERGROUND!
Engineering Geology Modeling

Where does geological engineer gets involved? Mostly assessing geological condition of the construction site. But on long tunnel project geologist continuously map the rocks on the projected path of tunnel.

Engineering Geology Modeling

Where does geological engineer gets involved? The aim of investigation by moving is to spot weaker area (soft rock) so we can prevent problems that might arise such as ground collapse that might causes TBM to be stuck.

(a) Boring machine for cutting sample. (b) Investigating cutting samples.

Engineering Geology Modeling

Tunnel Hazard
In general there are certain things to watch out in a tunnel project : a. Heterogenous geological condition b. Ground water depression c. Groundloss d. Ovalization

Engineering Geology Modeling

Geological Feature (a) Heterogeneous geological feature Soft rocks are bad news for tunnel engineers.

Engineering Geology Modeling

Geological Feature Discontinuity such as fault or fractures also lower the RMR.

Engineering Geology Modeling

Groundwater (b) Groundwater depression Settlements near a tunnel may causes cone depression

Engineering Geology Modeling

Pore pressure and Effective Stress How does it affect the tunnel? Increases effective stress that threaten tunnel structure.

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Tunnel Deformation (c) Ground loss (d) Ovalization (includes failure)

(a)

(b)

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Ground Loss & Ovalization

Ground collapse caused by excavated tunnel beneath the surface. Ex : Malaysian SMART Tunnel Project
Ground Loss

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Ground Loss
Stress around tunnel are compressive creating purely radial displacement

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Ground Loss Model

Engineering Geology Modeling

Ground Loss Model

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Ovalization
Unlike ground loss, the stress that causes ovalization has vertical compressive stress.

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Ovalization Model

Engineering Geology Modeling

Ovalization Model

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Ground Loss & Ovalization

Ground loss and ovalization differs by the direction of the stress.

Engineering Geology Modeling

What caused them?

Stress

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Stress
There are two kinds of stress : In situ stress Man induced stress
The vertical stress could be formulated as below :

Engineering Geology Modeling

In Situ Stress
Caused by the weight of the overlying natural material/overburden.

Engineering Geology Modeling

In Situ Stress

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Man Induced Stress

Could be caused by settlement above surface or by poor tunnel planning.

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Stress from Settlement

i = KZo

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Methods of Excavation
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How do we excavate a tunnel?

Methods of tunnel excavation. From traditional to high-tech TBM.

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How do we excavate a tunnel?

Mechanical For a big construction project, we would usually use Tunnel Boring Machine. Dont use spoon to dig a tunnel. Blasting Use of explosive to crumble the rocks and carry them out by dump truck or conveyor. Usually used on underground mining.

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Tunnel Boring Machine

Engineering Geology Modeling

Tunnel Boring Machine

Engineering Geology Modeling

How does TBM works?

Engineering Geology Modeling

How does TBM works?

Engineering Geology Modeling

How does TBM works?

Engineering Geology Modeling

How does TBM works?

Engineering Geology Modeling

How does TBM works?

Engineering Geology Modeling

Blasting

Detonator

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Blasting

Engineering Geology Modeling

Blasting

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Blasting
Excavation by blasting. Ex : Gabi 2 Rescue Operation on Gotthard Tunnel

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Methods of Support
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Failure Prevention
How do you prevent failure from engineering and natural process? Internal : Ground improvement External : Supporting structure

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Ground Improvement
Stabilize the existing ground during construction and then, perhaps with some modification.

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Jet Grouting

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Dewatering

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Supporting Structure

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Shortcrete

Gotthard Strassen Tunnel Breakthrough

Case study

3m

5m

Other info : Unit weight = 25 kN m-3 Concrete strenght = 20 MN m-2

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Case study
Vertical Stress (a) 2.000 m* 25 kN m-3 = 50 MNm-2
Area per 1 meter tunnel (A) 5 m * 1 m = 5 m2
3m

Force per 1 meter tunnel (F) 5 m2 * 50 MNm-2 = 250 MN

5m

Area needed for the concrete 250 MN / 20 MN m-2 = 12,5 m2

However, the only available area for one meter length is 5 m2 . Therefore its physically impossible for this tunnel to maintain its structure with the concrete support.
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Questions
1. Does the length of the tunnel has any effect on the structural strenght? Why do we always model a tunnel in half plane? 2. What about horizontal compressive stress? Tectonic? Does it have any significant effect on tunnel structure? 3. How do we decide which method of failure prevention to use? 4. How does shear stress works on tunnel?
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References
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/bridge/tunnel/pubs/nhi09010/07a.cf m Price, D.G., 2009 ,Engineering Geology : Principles & Practice, Springer, Berlin. Verrujidt, A & Booker, J.R., 1996, Surface settlements due to deformation of a tunnel in an elastic half plane, Geotecnique 46 No. 4, p. 753 756. Verrujidt, A, 1997, A Complex Variable Solution for a Deforming Circular Tunnel in an Elastic Half-plane, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics Vol 21, p. 77-89.

Engineering Geology Modeling