Computer Architecture and Microprocessors

By Navdeep Goyal

Purpose of Talk
What are the advantages of teaching these topics to physics students To discuss the curriculum for teaching microprocessors to physics students Introduction to SAP-1 8085 microprocessor

Importance
. Learning about the design considerations of microprocessors is important . Students opting for further studies in microelectronics are benefitted . Knowledge of working of a processors is important . Starting with working of simplest computer system is always helpful . Better to start with few basic principles of working of computer systems

Proposed Sequence
Which device was designed first
Computer or microprocessor? Bus organised computer systems
Data Bus Address Bus Control Bus Tri-state Devices Buffer Registers SAP-1, SAP-2 etc 8085 microprocessor 8086 and other advanced microprocessors

BUS SYSTEM
In all computer system, the data is transferred from one place to other through common DATA BUS The selection of device is from the address, which is sent through common address bus Depending upon control signals data is written onto or read from a particular register

TRI STATE DEVICES

TRI-STATE Devices play important role when we are dealing with bus organized computer systems Three terminal device:
Input, output, control Available in high active or low active mode Used at the output of registers, which are connected with common data bus

Buffer Registers
The loading of data and reading data from buffer register is with the help of control signals For loading data onto register a Load (L) signal is used For receiving data from buffer register an Enable (E) signal is used For different registers loading or enabling may be high or low active

Introduction to Sap-1
SAP-1 stands for simple as possible computer SAP-1 is a computer made from discrete ICs Its an 8 bit computer with 4 address lines Can handle max. of 16 address locations Instruction set includes instructions LDA, ADD, SUB, OUT, HLT

OPCODES
LDA ADD SUB OUT HLT 0000 0001 0010 1100 1111

OPCODES AND OPERAND

Complete code includes opcode and operand Like LDA 04H 0000 0100

One instruction is executed in one instruction cycle

Machine Cycle/Instruction Cycle

Instruction cycle may consist of many machine cycles For SAP-1, Instruction cycle= machine cycle Instruction cycle=Fetch cycle+Execution Cycle Fetch cycle is generally same for all instructions

Ring Counter

SAP-1

How to fabricate various units

Program Counter: 4 bit counter-made from J-K flip-flops-74 LS107 with 74LS126 Input/MAR: includes address/data switch registers includes buffer register and 2-1 multiplexer 16X8 RAM Instruction Register: 8 bit buffer register , 2 nos 74 LS173 Controller Sequencer: to generate control signals Accumulator: Buffer register to store intermediate results Adder Subtracter: Arithmatic unit B: buffer register

Control Signals

Fetch

T1 T2 T3

010 1 1 011 0011

1110 1110 0110

001 1 0011 0011

Control Words for various instructions

Control Unit of SAP-1

Microprogrammed Control Unit

Easier to fabricate Slower-not useful for commercial microprocessors Can be used for testing various instructions

Variable Machine Cycle

Fixed machine cycle may give many unwanted time states Execution is going to take longer time Better to opt for variable machine cycle

8085 Pin Diagram

Architecture of 8085

Thanks