CARBON COMPOUNDS 1. Carbon compound is a compound comprising carbon elements. 2.

A carbon compound can be classified as: Organic carbon compound Inorganic carbon compound

3. Organic compounds are carbon compounds that are obtained from living things such as sugar, starch, protein, vitamin, enzyme etc. they are obtained from plants and animals.

4. Inorganic compounds are carbon compounds that are usually do not contain carbon to carbon bonds such as carbon dioxide (CO2), calcium carbonate (CaCO3) etc.

5. Most organic compounds contain the element carbon and hydrogen. 6. Complete combustion of organic compounds produces carbon dioxide and water. 7. Incomplete combustion of organic compound produces mixture of carbon, C, carbon monoxide, CO or CO2 and water.

HYDROCARBONS 1. Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that contain only carbon, C and hydrogen, H. 2. Hydrocarbons are classified into two groups: saturated hydrocarbons *contain only single covalent bond between carbon atoms.

example of structural formula.

unsaturated hydrocarbons * contain at least one double or triple covalent bond between carbon atoms.

example of structural formula.

NON-HYDROCARBONS organic compounds that contain other elements (oxygen, nitrogen, iodine, phosphorus) Eg: ALCOHOL

SOURCES OF HYDROCARBON: Petroleum naturally occuring sources of hydrocarbon. It is a complex mixture hydrocarbons. These compounds can be separated by using fractional distillation. < 35C petroleum gas 35C 75C Petrol (gasoline) 75C 170C Naphtha 170C 230C Kerosene 230C 250C Diesel 250C 300C Lubricating oil 300C 350C Fuel oil > 350C Bitumen

ALKANES
GENERAL FORMULA MOLECULAR FORMULA STRUCTURAL FORMULA NAME OF EACH MEMBER

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

CH 4

C2H 6

C3H 8

C 4 H 10

C5 H 12

C6 H 14

C7 H 16

C8 H 18

C9 H 20

C10 H 22

Naming alkanes
Identify the stem
Identify the branch (if any) Put numbering on the main chain Name the branch first, then the stem

Number of carbon atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Root name methethpropbutpenthexheptoctnondec-

Homologous Functional group series Alkane Alkene Alcohol Carboxylic acid Ester -CC-C=C OH COOH COO

Suffix

-ane -ene -ol -oic -oate

propane

butane

pentane

Steps to name branched alkanes; i. determined and named the long chains ii. determined and named the branch chain Branch name CH3 -methyl C2H5 -ethyl C3H7 -propyl C4H9 -butyl C5H11 -pentyl

 -give number to the carbon atoms in long chain, which started from the nearest branched -The number for carbon atom which branched emerged from, must put before/infront the alkyl -Named the branched first, followed by the named of long chains -The word di, tri is used if the branched chains is more than one

2- methylpentane

2,4- dimethylpentane

ALKANES
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

ALKANES

COMBUSTION SUBSTITUTION REACTION

SUBSTITUTION REACTION
Example: Reaction of methane with chlorine in the presence of UV

H H

C
H
H

Cl

Cl

C
H

Cl

Cl

Cl
H

C
H

Cl

Cl

Cl
H

C
H

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl
C
H
H

Cl

Cl

Cl
Cl
C
H

Cl

Cl

Cl Cl
C
H

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl
Cl
C

Cl

Cl

Cl

Equation Step 1 CH4 + Cl2

---------> CH3Cl + HCl

step 2 CH3Cl + Cl2 -------> CH2Cl2 + HCl

Equation Step 3 CH2Cl2 + Cl2

---------> CHCl3 + HCl

step 4 CHCl3 + Cl2 -------> CCl4 + HCl

ALKANES
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

COMBUSTION Example : Methane burns in excess air

H H

O H O

O O O

C
H

H
H

H
H

equation

CH 4 2O2 CO2 2 H 2O