CDMA Concept

OVERVIEW & HISTORY CHARACTERISTICS ARSITEKTUR SPREADING CONCEPT CODE MAPPING CHANNEL ALLOCATION POWER CONTROL HANDOVER (SOFT, SOFTER, HARD) CALL PROCESSING
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Overview and History

1st Generation 1980s (analog)

2nd Generation 1990s (digital)

3rd Generation current (digital)

GSM AMPS TACS NMT OTHERS PDC CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136

UMTS WCDMA

Analog to Digital

Voice to Broadband

CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

3G provides: Complete integrated service solutions High bandwidth Unified air interface Best spectral efficiency and
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CDMA History

CDMA2000 3X CDMA2000 307.2kbps Heavier voice service capacity ; Longer period of standby time

IS95A 9.6kbps

IS95A 115.2kbps

1995

1998

CDMA2000 1X EV 1X EV-DO 1X EV-DV

2000 2003

Higher spectrum efficiency and network capacity Higher packet data rate and more diversified services Smooth transit to 3G

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CDMA2000 1X Architecture

A1(Signaling) A2(Traffic)
Abis

A3(Signaling & Traffic) A7(Singaling)

A11(Signaling) A10(Traffic)

MS: Mobile Station BSC: Base Station Controller HLR :Home Location Register PCF: Packet data Control Function HA: Home Agent SCP: Service Control Point
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BTS: Base Transceiver Station MSC: Mobile Switching Center VLR: Visitor Location Register PDSN: Packet Data Service Node FA: Foreign Agent Radius: Remote Authentication Dial-in User Service

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Block Diagram

Source coding

Convolution Interleaving & Interleaving

Scrambling

Spreading

Modulation

RF transmission

Source decoding

Decovolution deinterleaving & Unscrambling Deinterleaving

De-spreading

Demodulation

RF receiving

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PN Long Code

The long code is a PN sequence with period of 242-1chips The functions of a long code:

Scramble the forward CDMA channel Control the insertion of power control bit Spread the information on the reverse CDMA channel

to identify the mobile stations

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Short Code

Short code is a PN sequence with period of 215 chips

Sequence with different time offset is used to distinguish different sectors

PNc

PNb

PNa

Minimum PN sequence offset used is 64 chips, that is, 512 PN offsets are available to identify the CDMA sectors (215/64=512).
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Power Control
Reverse

power control

Open loop power control Closed loop power control

Inner loop power control: 800 Hz Outer loop power control

Forward

power control

Message transmission mode:

threshold transmission periodic transmission

Closed loop power control

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Walsh codes
The different Walsh codes corresponding to different data rates
W08 =00000000 W04 =0000
64

( W016 ,W816) ( W416 ,W1216 ) ( W216 ,W1416 ) ( W616 ,W1416 ) ( W116,W916 ) ( W516 ,W1316 ) ( W316 ,W1116 )

W02 =00

W48 =00001111 W28 =00110011 W68 =00111100 W18 =01010101 W14 =0101 W58 =01011010

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W01 =0

W24 =0011

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8
4 2 1

W38 =01100110 W12 =01 W34 =0110 W78 =01101001

9600 19200 38400

76800 153600 307200 614400

( W716 ,W1516 )

Data rate -bps10 DO MORE THAN EXELLENCE

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

The transmission power required by the mobile station is determined by the following factors:

Distance from the base station

Load of the cell Circumstance of the code channels

The transmission power of the mobile station is relative to its received power.

Reverse Open Loop Power Control

BTS BTS

Mobile Transmitting Power

BTS

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Reverse Closed Loop Power Control

Power Control Bit

Eb/Nt Value BTS

FER Value

BSC
Change in Eb/Nt Value

Inner Loop Power Control

Outer Loop Power Control

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Forward Power Control

Message Transmission Mode MS measures the frame quality and informs the base station to the result i.e. whether it is in the threshold or periodical mode. Base station determines whether to change the forward transmitting power or not. In IS-95 system, the forward power control is slow but in CDMA2000 system it is fast.

Compared with IS-95 system, CDMA2000 the forward quick power control is fast.
Power Control Bit

Eb/Nt Value
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BTS

Handoff
Soft handoff
It is a process of establishing a link with a target sector before breaking the link with the serving sector

Softer handoff
Like the soft handoff, but the handoff is occurred between multi-sectors in the same base station

Hard handoff
Hard handoff occurs when the two sectors are not synchronized or are not on the same frequency. Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication

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Soft/Softer Handoff

Multi-path combination in the BSC during soft handoff

Multi-path combination in the BTS during softer handoffs

Power received from a single sector

Combine all the power from each sector

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Pilot Set
the set of the pilots having same frequency but different PN sequence offset

Active Set Candidate Set Neighbor Set

The pilot set, corresponding to the base station being connected The pilot set, not in the active set but potential to be demodulated The pilot set, not included in the active set or the candidate set but being possible to be added in the candidate set Other pilot sets

Remaining Set

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Handoff Process
Sector A
Sector B

Ec/Io
Guard Time(T-TDROP) Add Threshold (T_ADD)

DropThreshold (T_DROP)

Soft Handoff Region

Time T_ADD, T_DROP and T_TDROP affect the percentage of MS in handoff. T_ADD & T_DROP is the standards used to add or drop a pilot. T_DROP is a timer.
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Comparison Threshold
Pilot strength Pilot P0

Pilot P2 T_COMP0.5dB Pilot P1 T_ADD

t0

t1

t2

P0-Strengh of Pilot P0 in Candidate Set. P1,P2-Stength of Pilot P1,P2 in Active Set. t0-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>T_ADD t1-Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P1+T_COMP*0.5dB t2 -Pilot strength Measurement Message Sent, P0>P2+T_COMP*0.5dB 18 DO MORE THAN EXELLENCE

Transition Between Pilot Sets

Pilot strength Pilot 1 Pilot 2

T_TDROP

T_ADD T_TDROP

T_DROP

1
Neighbor Set

2
Candidate Set

3
Active Set

4 5 6

7 8
Candidate Set Neighbor Set

TIME

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Locating Services
CDMA Core Network

3GPP2 uses the following 3 standards for MS location:

GPS-aided measurement
Accuracy: suburbs---10m.

City zone---30~70m. Indoor --unable to locate Response time: 3~10s

Measurement of base station pilot phase

Accuracy: 50~200m Response time: 3~6s

Locating of a cell ID
Accuracy: depends on the size of a cell Response time: within 3s

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CDMA2000 Forward Channel

Forward CDMA2000 channel

F-CACH

F-CPCCH

F-PICH

F-CCCH F-SYNCH

F-TCH

F-BCH

F-PCH

F-QPCH

F-PICH

F-TDPICH

F-APICH

F-ATDPICH

F-DCCH

F-FCH

F-PC
subchannel

F-SCCH (RC1~2)

F-SCH (RC3~9)

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Reverse Channel
Reverse CDMA2000 channel

R-ACH

R-TCH operation (RC1~2)

R-EACH operation

R-CCCH operation

R-TCH operation (RC3~6)

R-FCH 0~7 R-SCCH

R-PICH

R-PICH

R-PICH

R-EACH

R-CCCH

0~1 R-DCCH
0~1 R-FCH 0~2 R-SCH R-PC subchannel

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Forward Radio Configuration (RC)

Radio Configuration 1** 2** 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Spreading Rate 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3

Max Data Rate* (kbps) 9.6 14.4 153.6 307.2 230.4 307.2 614.4 460.8 1036.8

Effective FEC Code Rate 1/2 3/4 1/4 1/2 3/8 1/6 1/3 1/4 or 1/3 1/2or 1/3

OTD Allowed No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

FEC Encoding Modulation Conv. Conv Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo Conv and Turbo BPSK BPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK

Radio Configuration(RC): A set of Forward Traffic channel and Reverse Traffic Channel transmission formats that are characterized by physical parameters such as data rates, modulation characteristics, and spreading rate. Spreading Rate: Equivalent to chips rate, e.g., 1.2288Mcps.

Same IS95 23 ** D O M as OR E THAN EXELLENCE

Reverse Radio Configuration (RC)

Radio Spreading Configuration Rate 1** 2** 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 1 3 3

Max Data Rate* (kbps) 9.6 14.4 153.6 (307.2) 230.4 153.6 (614.4) 460.8 (1036.8)

Effective FEC Code Rate 1/3 1/2 1/4 (1/2) 3.8 1/4 (1/3) 1/4 (1/2)

OTD Allowed No No Yes Yes Yes Yes

FEC Encoding Modulation Conv 64-ary ortho Conv 64-ary ortho Conv or Turbo BPSK Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo Conv or Turbo BPSK BPSK BPSK

RC: Radio Configuration

RC1~RC2:IS-95A/B RC3~RC4:CDMA2000 1X RC5~RC6: CDMA2000 3x

Same IS95 24 ** D O M as OR E THAN EXELLENCE

Call Flow
Call initiation call attempt

block call
call setup call established call end

drop call

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Call Flow
MS
ACH PCH

BTS
Origination Msg
Base Ack Order 1 ORM (R-Signaling Link) 2 Base Ack (F-Signaling Link)

BSC

MSC
CM Service Request 3 Assignment Request 4

Abis-BTS Setup (F-Signaling Link) 5 Abis-Connect (R-Signaling Link) Abis-Connect Ack (F-Signaling Link) Abis-BTS Setup Ack (F-Signaling Link) Null data (F-Traffic Link) Null data (R-Traffic Link) 7 8 8 6

TCH PCH TCH TCH TCH TCH

Null Traffic Data

ECAM 9 Traffic Channel Preamble10

ECAM (F-Signaling Link) Preamble (R-Traffic Link)

Base Ack Order Idle TCH Data MS Ack Order

11 12

Base Ack (F-Traffic Link) Idle Data (R-Traffic Link) MS Ack (R-Traffic Link) Ser Connect (F-Traffic Link) Ser Conn Comp (R-Traffic Link) Ring Back Tone

TCH
TCH TCH

Service Connect Msg 13

Service Connect Complete

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Assignment Complete 15 16

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Initialization of the MS

Synchronous Channel message contains the LC_STATE, SYS_TIME, P_RAT, and synchronizes with the system.

BTS
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Channel Element
CE > Logical Resource (License)

CE
Bit Rate

SF

1 BB Board = 1 License CE
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CE License Configuration

We can Upgrade until 2048 CE, IF we need more than 2048 we need add Board BB (Hu 1 site 1 Board

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Optimization Concept
RF Optimization SOW KPI (AKSES, RETAINABILITY, INTEGRITY) KPI FORMULA PROBLEM AND SOLUTION EVENT STRATEGY OVERVIEW TOOLS

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RF Optimization Scope of Work

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Site Flow Chart

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Radio Parameter
Problem Missing Neighbor RSCP / RX Power Normal Ec/Io <normal Tx Power normal Keterangan Update database

Poor Coverage

< normal

<normal

> normal

Antenna setting

Pilot Pollution normal

<normal

normal

High RSSI

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