Comparison of One-way and Two-way

slab behavior
One-way and two-way
slab action carry load
in two directions.
One-way slabs: Generally,
long side/short side > 1.5
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior
Flat slab
Two-way slab with beams
Comparison between a two-way
slab verses a one-way slab
For flat plates and slabs the column connections
can vary between:
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior
Flat Plate Waffle slab
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior
The two-way ribbed slab and waffled slab system:
General thickness of the slab is 2 to 4 in.
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior Economic Choices
Flat Plate suitable span 20 to 25 ft with LL= 60 -100 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Low shear capacity
Low Stiffness (notable deflection)
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior Economic Choices
Flat Slab suitable span 20 to 30 ft with LL= 80 -150 psf
Advantages
Low cost formwork
Exposed flat ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Need more formwork for capital and panels
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior Economic Choices
Waffle Slab suitable span 30 to 48 ft with LL= 80 -150
psf
Advantages
Carries heavy loads
Attractive exposed ceilings
Fast
Disadvantages
Formwork with panels is expensive
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior Economic Choices
One-way Slab on beams suitable span 10 to 20 ft with
LL= 60-100 psf
Can be used for larger spans with relatively higher
cost and higher deflections
One-way joist floor system is suitable span 20 to 30 ft
with LL= 80-120 psf
Deep ribs, the concrete and steel quantities are
relative low
Expensive formwork expected.
Comparison of One-way and Two-way
slab behavior
w
s
=load taken by short direction
w
l
= load taken by long direction
o
A
= o
B

Rule of Thumb: For B/A > 2,
design as one-way slab
EI
B w
EI
A w
384
5
384
5
4
l
4
s
=
l s
4
4
l
s
16 2A B For w w
A
B
w
w
= = =
Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor
Section A-A:
Moment per ft width in planks
Total Moment
ft/ft - k
8
2
1
wl
M =
( ) ft - k
8
2
1
2 f
l
wl M =
Two-Way Slab Design
Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Analogy of two-way slab to plank and beam floor
Uniform load on each beam
Moment in one beam (Sec: B-B)
ft - k
8 2
2
2 1
lb
l wl
M
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k/ft
2
1
wl

Two-Way Slab Design

Static Equilibrium of Two-Way Slabs
Total Moment in both beams
Full load was transferred east-west by the planks and then was
transferred north-south by the beams;
The same is true for a two-way slab or any other floor system.
( ) ft - k
8
2
2
1
l
wl M =
General Design Concepts
(1) Direct Design Method (DDM)
Limited to slab systems to uniformly distributed
loads and supported on equally spaced columns.
Method uses a set of coefficients to determine the
design moment at critical sections. Two-way slab
system that do not meet the limitations of the ACI
Code 13.6.1 must be analyzed more accurate
procedures
General Design Concepts
(2) Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
A three dimensional building is divided into a
series of two-dimensional equivalent frames by
cutting the building along lines midway between
columns. The resulting frames are considered
separately in the longitudinal and transverse
directions of the building and treated floor by
floor.
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Longitudinal
equivalent frame
Transverse equivalent
frame
Equivalent Frame Method (EFM)
Elevation of the frame
Perspective view
Method of Analysis
(1) Elastic Analysis
Concrete slab may be treated as an elastic
plate. Use Timoshenkos method of analyzing
the structure. Finite element analysis
Method of Analysis
(2) Plastic Analysis
The yield method used to determine the limit state of
slab by considering the yield lines that occur in the
slab as a collapse mechanism.
The strip method, where slab is divided into strips
and the load on the slab is distributed in two
orthogonal directions and the strips are analyzed as
beams.
The optimal analysis presents methods for
minimizing the reinforcement based on plastic
analysis
Method of Analysis
(3) Nonlinear analysis
Simulates the true load-deformation characteristics
of a reinforced concrete slab with finite-element
method takes into consideration of nonlinearities of
the stress-strain relationship of the individual
members.
Column and Middle Strips
The slab is broken
up into column
and middle strips
for analysis
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
The ACI Code 9.5.3 specifies a minimum slab thickness
to control deflection. There are three empirical
limitations for calculating the slab thickness (h), which
are based on experimental research. If these limitations
are not met, it will be necessary to compute deflection.
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
2 2 . 0
m
s so (a) For
( ) 2 . 0 5 36
200,000
8 . 0
m
y
n
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
o |
f
l
h
f
y
in psi. But not less than 5 in.
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
m
2 o < (b) For
| 9 36
200,000
8 . 0
y
n
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
f
l
h
f
y
in psi. But not less than 3.5 in.
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
2 . 0
m
< o (c) For
Use the following table
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
Slabs without interior
beams spanning
between supports and
ratio of long span to
short span < 2
See section 9.5.3.3
For slabs with beams
spanning between
supports on all sides.
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
The definitions of the terms are:
h = Minimum slab thickness without interior beams
l
n
=

| =
o
m
=
Clear span in the long direction measured face to
face of column
the ratio of the long to short clear span
The average value of o for all beams on the sides
of the panel.
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, o
Accounts for stiffness effect of beams located along
slab edge reduces deflections of panel
adjacent to beams.
slab of stiffness flexural
beam of stiffness flexural
= o
Definition of Beam-to-Slab Stiffness Ratio, o
With width bounded laterally by centerline of
adjacent panels on each side of the beam.
s cs
b cb
s cs
b cb
E
E
/ 4E
/ 4E
I
I
l I
l I
= = o
slab uncracked of inertia of Moment I
beam uncracked of inertia of Moment I
concrete slab of elasticity of Modulus E
concrete beam of elasticity of Modulus E
s
b
sb
cb
=
=
=
=
Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of o
Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of o
Beam and Slab Sections for calculation of o
Definition of beam cross-section
Charts may be used to calculate o Fig. 13-21
Minimum Slab Thickness for two-way
construction
Slabs without drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
t
min
= 5 in
Slabs with drop panels meeting 13.3.7.1 and 13.3.7.2,
t
min
= 4 in

Example
A flat plate floor system with panels
24 by 20 ft is supported on 20 in.
square columns. Determine the
minimum slab thickness required
for the interior and corner panels.
Use f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi
Example
The floor system consists of solid
slabs and beams in two directions
supported on 20 in square columns.
Determine the minimum slab
thickness required for an interior
panel. Use f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi
Example
The cross-sections are:
Example
The resulting cross section: