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Steam Generator
Coal to Electricity ….. Basics
Pollutants
•India’s Coal Reserves are estimated to be 206 billion tonnes. Present consumption is
about 450 million tonnes.
•Cost of coal for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of coal Rs 1000/MT)is Rs 0.75.
•Cost of Gas for producing 1 unit of electricity (Cost of Gas Rs 6/SMC)is Rs 1.20.
Knowing more about Coal
Coa l Proper ti es Coa l
Tra nspor ta ti on
•Calorific Value
•Rail
•Grade of Coal (UHV)
•Truck
•Proximate Analysis
•Conveyor
•Ultimate Analysis
•Ship
•Ash and Minerals
Coa l pr oduction
•Grindability
•Surface Mining
•Rank
Coa l pr oduction •Underground Mining
•Physical Characteristics
•Surface Mining Coal Be nefic ia tion Useful Heat Value (UHV)
•Underground Mining •Why? UHV= 8900-138(A+M)
•Processes
•Effectiveness
Boiler/ steam generator
Steam generating device for a specific purpose.
A 500MW steam generator consumes about 8000 tonnes of coal every day
It will be considered if it requires about 200 cubic meter of DM water in a day
It will produce about 9500 tonnes of Carbon di Oxide every day
Coal analysis
Typical composition (Proximate analysis)
1. Fixed carbon
2. Fuel ash
3. Volatile material
4. Total Moisture
5. Sulfur
o High calorific value/ Lower calorific value
(Kcal/kg)
o Hardgrove Index (HGI)
Combustion of coal
Carbon, hydrogen, sulfur are sources of heat
on combustion
Secondary reactions
2CO + O2 = 2CO2 + 4347BTU/lb
C + CO2 = 2CO -7.25MJ/kg
Combustion Reactions (Carbon)
Carbon reaction
2C + O2 =2CO [Eco =60kJ/mol]
C + O2 =CO2 [Eco2 =140kJ/mol]
reaction at 1200oC
4C + 3O2 =2CO + 2CO2 (Ratio 1:1)
Reaction at 1700oC
3C + 2O2 = 2CO +CO2 (Ratio 2:1)
Sulfur reaction
S + O2 = SO2 + 3980 BTU/lb
(undesirable)
Coal for combustion
Anthracite High CV, low VM
Semi-anthracite High CV, low VM
Bituminous Medium CV, medium VM
Semi-Bituminous Medium CV, medium VM
Lignite Low CV, high VM, high TM
Peat Very low CV, high VM & TM
Heat Generation in furnace
Heat input in the furnace
MWElect
Q Furnace =
ηCycle
Efficiency of thermal power plants is 37%-45%
for different types of cycle
For typical conventional P.F. boilers, coal flow
rate is
290-350 T/hr For 500 MW units
120-145 T/hr For 200 MW units
Tangential Firing System
MAIN EQUIPMENTS OF FUEL & FIRING SYSTEM
• MILLS OR PULVERISERS
• FEDDERS
• BURNERS
TYPES OF FEEDERS
• VOLUMETRIC FEEDRES
• GRAVIMETRIC FEEDERS
PULVERIZERS
OBJECTIVES
• HIGH AVAILIBILITY
C L A S S IF IC A T IO N O F M IL L S
V E R T IC A L S P IN D L E TUBE
BO W L/ P R E S S U R IZ E D
BALL & RACE
XRP E M IL L S M PS
(B H E L ) (B A B C O C K )
BOWL MILL
623XRP 18.4
703XRP 26.4
763XRP 33.8
803XRP 36.5
883XRP 51.1
903XRP 54.1
1003XRP 68.1
1043XRP 72.0
BASE CAPACITY(T/HR)
AT
HGI -55
Total Moisture-10%
Fineness-70% THRU 200
MESH
BALL& RACE MILL(E MILL)
7E9 25
8.5E10 35
8.5E9 40
10E10 55
10.9E11 61
10.9E10 70
10.9E8 80
TUBE MILL
BBD4760 83
BBD4772 90
AIR AND DRAFT SYSTEM
OBJECTIVES
• SYSTEM RESISTANCE(LOSSES)
AIR PRE HEATERS
OBJECTIVES
The fluegas laden with flyash is sent through ducts having negatively charged
plates which give the particles a negative charge. The particles are then routed
past positively charged plates, or grounded plates, which attract the now
negatively-charged ash particles. The particles stick to the positive plates until
they are collected by periodically rapping.
SELECTION OF BOILER
TYPE OF BOILER