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Chapter 4

Controlled Rectifier
1 R.JEYAGOPI
Overview
Introduction to phase angle control.
Single phase half wave full controlled
rectifier
Single phase full wave full controlled rectifier
Three phase three pulse full controlled
rectifier
Three phase six pulse full controlled rectifier

2 R.JEYAGOPI
Learning Outcome
After completing this chapter, student will be able to :
1. Draw the types of phase controlled rectifier.
2. Calculate the V
o(dc)
, V
o(rms)
for the controlled rectifier.
3. Explain the operation of controlled rectifier.
4. Sketch the output waveform for phase controlled
rectifier.
5. Calculate the performance parameter of controlled
rectifier.

3 R.JEYAGOPI
4
RECTIFIERS
Converts ac to dc voltage
To produce an output that is purely dc
Classified into half-wave and full-wave
Load that can be either purely resistive or
resistive-inductive
Either controlled or uncontrolled
R.JEYAGOPI 4
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6 R.JEYAGOPI 6
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9
Diodes

On and off states controlled by the power circuit


R.JEYAGOPI 9
Performance parameter
Ideal rectifier
Efficiency, rectification ratio q = 100%
AC output voltage, V
o(ac)
= 0
Ripple factor, RF = 0
Harmonic factor, HF = THD = 0
Power factor, PF = 1
10 R.JEYAGOPI 10
11
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS
To conduct current in one direction and block
current in the other direction
Convert ac voltage into dc voltage
Connected to filter and regulator in a basic
power supply
Filter eliminates fluctuations in the rectified
voltage
Regulator maintains a constant dc voltage
R.JEYAGOPI 11
Diode rectifier with R load
12 R.JEYAGOPI 12
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R
load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
V PIV =
}
= =
2 /
0
m m o(dc)
V 0.318 dt t sin V
T
1
V
T
e
m
2 / 1
2 /
0
2
m o(rms)
V 5 . 0 dt t) sin (V
T
1
V =
(

=
}
T
e
R
V 0.318
I
m
o(dc)
=
R
V 5 . 0
I
m
o(rms)
=
R.JEYAGOPI 13
14
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS
When the input voltage
is positive, the diode is
forward-biased and
current is conducted
When the input voltage
is negative, the diode is
reverse-biased and
current is not conducted
V
ave
= V
p
/
V
p(out)
= V
p(in)
- 0.7 V
PIV = V
p(in)

D1
R
Vs
R.JEYAGOPI 14
15
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIERS
Half-wave rectifier
with transformer-
coupled input
voltage
Allows voltage to
be stepped up or
stepped down
AC source is
electrically isolated
from the rectifier
V
sec
= nV
pri
V
p(out)
= V
p(sec)
- 0.7 V
PIV = V
p(sec)
Vs
D1
R
R.JEYAGOPI 15
16
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
| |
2
sin
2
1
0
2
,
m
m rms o
V
t d t V V = =
}
t
e e
t
t
e e
t
t
m
m avg o
V
t td V V V = = =
}
0
sin
2
1
R
V
I
rms
rms
=

Output waveform
VS
Vm
Vo
Vd

2 t


2
2
t
t
R
V
R I P
rms
rms
2
2
= =
R.JEYAGOPI 16
17
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
Example
A circuit is connected as shown in
figure to a 240V 50Hz supply.
Neglecting the diode voltage drop,
determine the current waveform &
the mean load current for a load of a
pure resistor of 10
Vs
240V
10
( )
( )
( )
A I
I
R
I
R
V
I
V V
V
o
o
o
o
o
rms m
o
8 . 10
10
240 2
240 2
2
=
=
=
=
= =
t
t
t
t t
R.JEYAGOPI 17
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R-L
load
Diode rectifier with R-L load
V
o(dc)
is lower than case no L-load
L R s
v v v + =
dt
di(t)
L i(t)R ) sin( V
m
+ = t e
18
R
L
= t
R.JEYAGOPI 18
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R-L
load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
V PIV =
}
= =
|
|
t
e e
t
0
m m
o(dc)
)] cos( - [1
2
V
t) d( t sin
2
V
V
19
t
|
t
|
2
) 2 sin(
2
V
V
m
o(rms)
=
R
V
I
o(dc)
o(dc)
=
R
V
I
o(rms)
o(rms)
=
R.JEYAGOPI 19
20
Diode rectifier with R-L load
Until certain time (<t), V
s
>V
R
(hence V
L
= V
s
-V
R
is positive), the
current builds up and inductor stored energy increases.
At maximum of V
R
, V
s
=V
R
hence, V
L
=0V.
Beyond this point, V
L
becomes negative (means releasing stored
energy), and current begins to decrease.
After T= t, the input, Vs becomes negative but current still positive
and diode is still conducts due to inductor stored energy. The load
current is present at certain period, but never for the entire period,
regardless of the inductor size.
This will results on reducing the average output voltage due to the
negative segment. The larger the Inductance, the larger negative
segment

R.JEYAGOPI 20
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R-L load
Diode rectifier with R-L load
From the response waveform, it is observed that the current does not
go to zero when the applied voltage changes it polarity.
The current in the inductor forces the diode to keep conducting even
when it is reverse biased.
Such an operation in a practical circuit should be avoided at all costs.
Note that the diode does not quit conduction at wt = but keep
conducting until wt = |.
It stops conduction only when the current in the diode goes to zero.
The angle at which the diode stops conduction is called the
extinction angle.
The extinction angle depends upon the time constant of the RL circuit.
21 R.JEYAGOPI 21
22
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
RESISTIVE-INDUCTIVE LOAD
Almost all dc load contains some
inductance
Current flow will begin directly,
the supply voltage goes positive,
but the presence of the
inductance will delay the current
change. The current is still
flowing at the end of the half
cycle, the diode remains on & the
load sees the negative supply
voltage until the current drops to
zero
D1
Vs
R
L
R.JEYAGOPI 22
23
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
Vs
Vs
Vo
VR
VL
Vd
i i
R.JEYAGOPI 23
24
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
The KVL equation that describes
the current in the current for the
forward-biased ideal diode is:



( )
( )
dt
t di
L t Ri t V
m
+ = e sin
where ( ) ( ) ( ) t i t i t i
n f
+ =
if(t) = force response is the steady- state sinusoidal current that
would exist in the circuit if the diodes are not present
in(t) = natural response is the transient that occurs when the load is
energized. It is the solution to the differential equation for the circuit
without the source or diode
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t
t
u e
u
u e
u
t
t
e i t
Z
V
t i
e
Z
V
t i
t i
L
R
dt
t di
dt
t di
t i
L
R
dt
t di
L t Ri
t
Z
V
t i
Z
V
Z
V
t i
o
m
m
n
m
f
m m
f

+ =
=
=
= +
= +
=
Z =
Z
Z
=
sin
sin
0
0
sin
0
0
) (
R.JEYAGOPI 24
25
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
k t
L
R
t i
t di
dt
L
R
t i
t di
t i
L
R
dt
t di
dt
t di
L
L
t i
L
R
dt
t di
L t Ri
+ =
=
=
= +
= +
} }
0
0
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
t
o
t
o
o
L
R
L
R
e i t i
e
i
t i
t
L
R
i
t i
i t
L
R
t i
i k
k
L
R
i
t i t
k t
L
R
t i

=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
+ =
= =
+ =
ln
0 ln ln
ln
0 0 ln
0 , 0
ln
0
R.JEYAGOPI 25
26
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) u u
u
u
u e
t
t
t
t
sin sin
sin 0
0 sin 0
0 0 , 0
sin
0
Z
V
Z
V
i
i
Z
V
e i
Z
V
i t
e i t
Z
V
t i
t i t i t i
e i t i
R
L
m m
o
o
m
o
m
o
m
n f
o
t
t
= =
+ =
+ =
= =
+ =
+ =
=
=

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
t |
| e
u u e
u e
t
t
2
0
sin sin
sin
s
s s
+ =
+ =

t
e
Z
V
t
Z
V
t i
e i t
Z
V
t i
t
t
m m
o
m
R.JEYAGOPI 26
27
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
A circuit shown in figure is
connected to a 240V 50Hz
supply neglecting the diode
voltage drop, determine the
mean load current for a load of
an inductance of 0.1H in series
with a 10 resistor
D1
Vs
R
L
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) =
Z =
Z
Z
=
Z = =
=
Z =
+ =
+ =
+ =
35 . 72 sin 29 . 10
35 . 72 29 . 10
35 . 72 97 . 32
0 41 . 339
0 41 . 339 2 240
35 . 72 97 . 32
42 . 31 10
1 . 0 50 2 10
t t i
I
I
V
Z
V
I
Z
j Z
j Z
L j R Z
f
f
f
m
m
f
e
t
e
R.JEYAGOPI 27
28
UNCONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 81 . 9 35 . 72 sin 29 . 10
81 . 9
35 . 72 sin 29 . 10
35 . 72 sin 29 . 10 0
35 . 72 0 sin 29 . 10 0
35 . 72 sin 29 . 10
, 0
0
+ =
+ =
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ =
=
=

t t i
t i t i t i
i
i
i
e i i
e i t t i
t i t i t i
t
e i t i
n f
o
o
o
o
o
n f
o n
t
t
e
e
t
t
t
s
R
L
01 . 0
10
1 . 0
= = = t
R.JEYAGOPI 28
29
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH FREEWHEELING
DIODE
The freewheeling diode is
connected across R-L load to
give a release path for the
current across diode D1
When the source is positive,
D1 will be on and D
FW
will be
off
When the source is negative,
D1 will be off and D
FW
will be
on
Load voltage: same as source
voltage when source is positive,
zero when source is negative
Load current: zero when the
circuit is first energized,
reaches steady-state after a few
period depending on the time
constant
D1
Vs
R
L
DFW
( )
( )
( )

=

+ =
... 6 , 4 , 2
0
2
0
cos
1
2
sin
2
n
m m m
t n
n
V
t
V V
t v e
t
e
t
R.JEYAGOPI 29
30
HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER WITH
FREEWHEELING DIODE
The
waveform
for output
voltage,
output
current,
and
current
across
diodes
Vo
iD1
iDFW
io
t
t
t
R.JEYAGOPI 30
Single Phase Half Wave Rectifier R-C Load
31
In some applications in
which a constant output is
desirable, a series inductor
is replaced by a parallel
capacitor.
The purpose of capacitor is
to reduce the variation in
the output voltage, making
it more like dc.
The resistance may
represent an external load,
while the capacitor is a filter
of rectifier circuit.


R.JEYAGOPI 31
32
Half-wave, R-C load
+
vs
_
+
vo
_
iD
t
2t 3t 4t
Vm
Vmax
vs
vo
Vmin
t /2
iD
3t /2
o u
A Vo
( )
u
e
u
e u e
u
sin
OFF is diode when
ON is diode hen w ) sin(
/
m
RC t
m
o
V V
e V
t V
v
=

=

R.JEYAGOPI 32
33
Ripple
fRC
V
V
V
V V
fRC
V
RC
V V
RC
e
e V e V V V
e V e V v
t
V V
V V V V V V V
t
V
m
m
o
m o
m
m o
RC
RC
m
RC
m m o
RC
m
RC
m o
m
m m m m o
2 2
: as given is voltage load average The
2
2
1 1
: that Note
1
: as ed approximat is voltage ripple The
) 2 (
: is 2 at evaluated tage output vol The 2.
then such that large is C and 2, and If
sin ) 2 sin(
: is ripple the diagram, to Reffering . 2 at
occurs tage output vol Min . is tage output vol Max
2
2 2
2 2 2 2
min max
max
=
A
= A
=
|
.
|

\
|
= A
=
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= ~ A
= = +
+ = ~
= =
= + = = A
+ =
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
+

e
t
e
t
o t
o t e t o
t u
o o t
o t e
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
t
e
t t t
u
R.JEYAGOPI 33
34
Example
A half-wave rectifier has a 120V rms
source at 60Hz. The load is =500 Ohm,
C=100uF. Assume o and u are
calculated as 48 and 93 degrees
respectively. Determine (a) Expression
for output voltage (b) peak-to peak ripple
( )
( )
V
u f RC
V
RC
V V
V V V V V V
V V V
e
t
e V
t t V
t v
V rad V
rad rad V V
m
m o
m m m m o
o
t
RC t
m
m
o
m
o o
m
7 . 56
100 500 60
7 . 169 2
: ion Approximat Using
43 sin ) 2 sin(
: Using
: (b)Ripple
(OFF) 5 . 169
(ON) ) sin( 7 . 169

(OFF) sin
(ON) ) sin( 7 . 169 ) sin(
) (
: tage Output vol (a)
; 5 . 169 ) 62 . 1 sin( 7 . 169 sin
843 . 0 48 ; 62 . 1 93 ; 7 . 169 2 120
min max
) 85 . 18 /( 62 . 1
/
=

= =
|
.
|

\
|
= A
= = + = A
= A

=
=
= =
= = = = = =


e
t
o o t
e
u
e e
e
u
o u
e
e u e
t
2t 3t 4t
Vm
Vmax
vs
vo
Vmin
t /2
iD
3t /2
o u
A Vo
R.JEYAGOPI 34
Half Wave Rectifier Disadvantages
1. High ripple factor,
2. Low rectification efficiency,
3. Low transformer utilization factor, and,
4. DC saturation of transformer secondary
winding.
35 R.JEYAGOPI 35
36
FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
Allows unidirectional (one-way)
current through the load during the
entire 360 input cycle
Two types of full-wave rectifier:
(i) center-tapped (transformer)
rectifier, and
(ii) bridge rectifier
V
ave
= 2V
p
/
R.JEYAGOPI 36
37
UNCONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS CENTER
TAPPED
Center-tapped rectifier
uses two diodes connected
to the secondary of a center-
tapped transformer
When the input voltage is
positive, D
1
is forward-biased
and current is conducted
through load
When input voltage is
negative, D
2
is forward-
biased and current is
conducted through load
V
sec
= nV
pri
V
p(out)
= (V
p(sec)
- 1.4 V) / 2
PIV = 2V
p(out)
+ 0.7 V
R
L
R.JEYAGOPI 37
38
UNCONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS CENTER
TAPPED
VS
Vo
VD1
VD2
is
io
iD1
iD2
R.JEYAGOPI 38
39
UNCONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS - BRIDGE
Bridge rectifier
uses four diodes
When the input
voltage is positive,
D
1
and D
2
is
forward-biased
When the input
voltage is negative,
D
3
and D
4
is
forward-biased
V
p(out)
= V
p(sec)
- 1.4 V
PIV = V
p(out)
+ 0.7 V
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
R
L
R.JEYAGOPI 39
40
UNCONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS - BRIDGE
VS
Vo
VD1,VD2
VD3,VD4
is
io
iD1,iD2
iD3,iD4
R.JEYAGOPI 40
41
UNCONTROLLED FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIERS
( )
( )
2
sin
1
2
sin
1
sin
sin
0
2
,
0
m
m rms o
m
o
m o
m
m
o
V
dt t V V
V
V
t td V V
t V
t V
t V
= =
=
=

=
}
}
t
t
e
t
t
e e
t
e
e

RESISTIVE LOAD

R-L LOAD
For 0t
For t2
( ) ( )
n
n
n
o
o
m
n
m
n
n o o
Z
V
I
R
V
I
n n
V
V
V
V
t n V V t V
=
=
(

=
=
+ + =

=
1
1
1
1
2
2
cos
0
,.. 4 , 2
t
t
t e e
o
R.JEYAGOPI 41
42
UNCONTROLLED FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIERS
Example:
Referring to the circuit shown, a 240V 50Hz
supply is fed to the primary winding of a
step-down transformer which has a 20:1
turn ratio. The output voltage from the
secondary winding is connected to a full
bridge rectifier circuit.
a) Calculate the peak and average values of the
output voltage if the diode is silicon
b) What is the PIV rating for each diode?
c) If a capacitor filter was added to the circuit,
calculate the value of capacitor to be
installed to produce a load current of 10mA
and a ripple of less than 2%.
V
p(out)
= V
p(sec)
- 1.4 V
PIV = V
p(out)
+ 0.7 V
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
R
L
R.JEYAGOPI 42
43
UNCONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIERS
( )
( )( )( )
mF C
mA
V
R
C f R
V
V
V V PIV
V
V
V
V V V
V V
N
N
V
V V
L
L
m
o
p o
p o
ave o
s peak o
p
p
s
s
peak p
12 . 17
02 . 0 991 50
97 . 16
991
10
91 . 9
02 . 0
27 . 16 7 . 0
91 . 9
2
57 . 15 4 . 1
97 . 16 41 . 339
20
1
41 . 339 2 240
) (
) (
) (
) (
= =
O = =
= = A
= + =
= =
= =
= = =
= =
t
a)






b)

c)
R.JEYAGOPI 43
44
D1&D6 D1&D2 D2&D3 D3&D4 D4&D5 D5&D6
R.JEYAGOPI 44
45
Three-phase rectifiers

D1

vo =vp vn
+
vo
_

vpn

vnn

io

D3

D2

D6
+ vcn -
n
+ vbn -
+ van -

D5

D4
t 2t 0 4t
Vm
Vm
van
vbn vcn
vn
vp
vo =vp - vn
3t
R.JEYAGOPI 45
46
Three-phase output voltage
| |
phase. - single
a of n higher tha much is rectifier phase - three a
of component voltage DC output that the Note
955 . 0
3

) cos(
3

) sin(
3
1
: voltage Average
radians. 3 or degrees 60 over average its
Obtain segments. six the of one only Considers
,
,
3 2
3
,
3 2
3
,
L L m
L L m
L L m
L L m o
V
V
t
V
t d t V V

= =
=
=
}
t
e
t
e e
t
t
t
t
t
t
vo
0
t/3 2t/3
Vm, L-L
vo
t/3
Advantage of 3 phase to single
phase:
* Average output voltage or DC
voltage is 0.955Vm compared to
0.63Vm in single phase
* power delivered to the load is the
same at any instant
R.JEYAGOPI 46
47
Three Phase Rectifiers
Three phase rectifier are commonly used in
industries to produce dc voltage and current
for large loads.
Single-phase supply circuits are adequate
below a few kilowatts.
Three phase rectifier circuit
1. Half wave or three pulse rectifier
2. Full wave or six pulse rectifier
3. Twelve pulse circuits

R.JEYAGOPI 47
Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier R
load
The three pulse or half wave rectifier for R
load
48 R.JEYAGOPI 48
Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier
- R load
Waveform
49 R.JEYAGOPI 49
Three Phase Half Wave Rectifier R
load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
V 3 PIV =
50
m o(rms)
V 8407 . 0 V =
R
V
I
o(dc)
o(dc)
=
R
V
I
o(rms)
o(rms)
=
m
6 / 5
6 /
m o(dc)
V 827 . 0 d sin V
3 / 2
1
V = =
}
u u
t
t
t
**note: V
m
is maximum per phase (line to
neutral) voltage
R.JEYAGOPI 50
Single Phase Full Wave Rectifier R
load
The six pulse or full wave rectifier for R load
51 R.JEYAGOPI 51
52
Waveform
R.JEYAGOPI 52
53
(D1 & D4), (D3 & D6), and (D5 & D2) cannot conduct at the same time.
The output voltage across the load is one of the line-to-line voltages of
the source.
There are six combinations of line-to-line voltages (three phases taken
two at a time). Considering one period of the source to be 360
0
, a
transition of the highest line-to-line voltage must take place every 360
0
/ 6
= 60
0
Because of the six transitions that occur for each period of the source
voltage, the circuit is called a six- pulse rectifier.
The diodes conducts in pairs (6,1), (1,2), (2,3), (3,4), (4,5), (5,6),(6,1),.


R.JEYAGOPI 53
54
At any instant barring the change-over periods when
current flow gets transferred from diode to another,
only one of the following pairs conducts at any time.
R.JEYAGOPI 54
Full Controlled Rectifier
Single phase half wave rectifier
Single phase full wave rectifier
Three phase three pulse rectifier
Three phase six pulse rectifier
55 R.JEYAGOPI
Silicon Controlled Rectifier: SCR
56 R.JEYAGOPI 56
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier R load
57 R.JEYAGOPI
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier R load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
V PIV =
}
+ = =
t
o
o
t
e e
t
) cos (1
2
V
t) d( t sin V
2
1
V
m
m o(dc)
58
2 / 1
m
2 / 1
2
m o(rms)
2
2 sin 1
2
V
t) d( t) sin (V
2
1
V
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
(

=
}
o
o t
t
e e
t
t
o
R
V
I
o(dc)
o(dc)
=
R
V
I
o(rms)
o(rms)
=
R.JEYAGOPI
59
CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
| | o
t
e e
t
t
o
cos 1
2
sin
2
1
+ =
=
}
m
o
m o
V
V
t td V V
SCR
Vs
R
Gate
control

PURE RESISTIVE LOAD


( )
t
o
t
o
e e
t
t
o
2
2 sin
1
2
sin
2
1
2
+ =
=
}
m
rms
m rms
V
V
t d t V V
R.JEYAGOPI
60
CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
t
t
t
t
Vs Vs
Vo
VSCR








R.JEYAGOPI
61
CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
RESISTIVE -
INDUCTIVE
LOAD
SCR
Vs
R
L
Gate
control
i
Vs
VL
VSCR






R.JEYAGOPI
62
CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
| |
( )
( ) ( )
( )
| |


=
=
=

}
0
sin sin
cos cos
2
sin
2
1
t
o
u o u e
| o
t
e e
t
|
o
t
e t V
t i
V
V
t td V V
m
m
o
m o
For
| e o s s t
Otherwise
R.JEYAGOPI
63
CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE
RECTIFIER
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
t
t
u e
u e
u
u
t
t
e i t
Z
V
t i
e i t i
t
Z
V
t i
Z
V
Z
V
i
t i t i t i
o
m
o n
m
f
m m
f
n f

+ =
=
=
Z =
Z
Z
=
+ =
sin
sin
0
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
t
o
t
o
t
o
t
o
u o
u o
u o
u o o
o o
e
Z
V
i
e
Z
V
i
Z
V
e i
e i
Z
V
i
i t
m
o
m
o
m
o
o
m
. sin
sin
sin
sin
0 ,
=

=
=
+ =
= =

R.JEYAGOPI
64
CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
t
o
t t
o
t t
o
t
u o u e
u o u e
u e
u o
t
t
t
t
e
Z
V
t
Z
V
t i
e e
Z
V
t
Z
V
t i
t i t i t i
t
Z
V
t i
e e
Z
V
t i
e i t i
m m
m m
n f
m
f
m
n
o n

=
=
+ =
=
=
=

sin sin
. sin sin
sin
. sin
R.JEYAGOPI
65
CONTROLLED HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER
Example:
Determine the mean load voltage &
current if the load is 10 in series
with an inductor of 0.1H & the
firing of the thyristor is delayed by
90. The ac supply is 240V 50Hz &
the thyristor voltage drop is to be
neglected.
SCR
Vs
R
L
Gate
control
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )( )( )
( ) ( ) =
Z =
Z
Z
=
Z =
+ =
+ =
= =
=
+ =
35 . 72 sin 295 . 10
35 . 72 295 . 10
35 . 72 97 . 32
0 41 . 339
35 . 72 97 . 32
1 . 0 50 2 10
41 . 339 240 2
t t i
i
i
Z
j Z
L j R Z
V
Z
V
t i
t i t i t i
f
f
m
m
f
n f
e
t
e
R.JEYAGOPI
66
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
e
et t
e
t
t
t
e t t i
t i t i t i
R
L
e e
e
i
e i
e i
e i
i t
e i t t i
e i t i
n f
o
o
o
o
o
o n

=
+ =
= = =
= = =

=
=
=
+ =
= =
+ =
=

14 . 5 35 . 72 sin 295 . 10
142 . 3 , 01 . 0
14 . 5 12 . 3 12 . 3
12 . 3
12 . 3
35 . 72 90 sin 295 . 10
35 . 72 90 sin 295 . 10 0
0 90 , 90
35 . 72 sin 295 . 10
142 . 3
57 . 1 90
90
90
90
90
Must be multiplied with
to be changed into radian
x to change into radian
180
R
L
= t
R.JEYAGOPI
Single Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier
R-L load + FWD
67 R.JEYAGOPI
68
CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER

CENTER-TAPPED
TRANSFORMER

BRIDGE RECTIFIER
R
L
D
1
D
2
D
3
D
4
R
L
R.JEYAGOPI
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier R load
69
Bridge circuit
R.JEYAGOPI
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier R load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
2V PIV =
( )
}
+ = =
t
o
o
t
e e
t
cos 1
V
t) d( t sin V
1
V
m
m o(dc)
70
2 / 1
m
2 / 1
2
m o(rms)
4
2 sin
2 2
1
V t) d( t) sin (V
2
2
V
(

+ =
(

=
}
t
o
t
o
e e
t
t
o
R
V
I
o(dc)
o(dc)
=
R
V
I
o(rms)
o(rms)
=
R.JEYAGOPI
71
CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

RESISTIVE LOAD
Vo
2 t
( )
( )
t
o
t
o
e e
t
o
t
e e
t
t
o
t
o
4
2 sin
2 2
1
sin
1
cos 1
sin
1
,
2
,
+ =
=
+ =
=
}
}
m rms o
m rms o
m
o
m o
V V
t d t V V
V
V
t td V V

+
R.JEYAGOPI
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier R-L load
72 R.JEYAGOPI
Single Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier R-L load
73 R.JEYAGOPI
74
CONTROLLED FULL-
WAVE RECTIFIER
( )
R
V
I
I
I I
V
V
t td V V
t n V V V
R
L
n
n
rms
m
m
n
n n o
0
0
... 6 , 4 , 2
2
2
0
0
0
1
0
1
2
cos
2
sin
1
cos
tan ,
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
=
=
+ + =
|
.
|

\
|
s + (

=
+

o
t
e e
t
u e
e
o t o |
t o
o

R-L LOAD (CONTINUOUS


CURRENT)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
...... 6 , 4 , 2
1
1 sin
1
1 sin 2
1
1 cos
1
1 cos 2
2 2
=
(

+
+
=
(

+
+
=
+ =
n
n
n
n
n V
b
n
n
n
n V
a
b a V
m
n
m
n
n n n
o o
t
o o
t
R.JEYAGOPI
75
CONTROLLED FULL-WAVE
RECTIFIER
| | ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
(

=
= = =

}
t
o
u o u e
| o
t
u
t
e
t
|
o
|
o
t
e t
Z
V
t i
V V
tdt V V
m
m m
m dc o
sin sin
cos cos cos sin
1
) (
| e o s s t

R-L LOAD (DISCONTINUOUS CURRENT)


For
R.JEYAGOPI 75
76
Example 2
The full wave controlled bridge rectifier has an ac
input of 120Vrms at 60Hz and a 20O load
resistor. The delay angle is 40
o
. Determine
a) average and rms current in the load
b) power absorbed by load and source (volt-
ampere)
c) power factor
R.JEYAGOPI
77
Solution 2
rad 698 . 0 40
o
= = o
V 8 . 82 40 cos
) 7 . 169 ( 2
V a)
o
o(dc)
= =
t
V 6 . 98
4
2 sin
2 2
1
V V
2 / 1
m o(rms)
=
(

+ =
t
o
t
o
A 9 . 4
20
98.6
I
o(rms)
= =
A 14 . 4
20
82.8
I
o(dc)
= =
VA 14 . 483 I V S
W 480.2 R I P b)
o(rms) o(rms)
2
o(rms)
= =
= =
994 . 0
S
P
PF c) = =
V 7 . 169
0.707
V
V
s(rms)
m
= =
Given
R.JEYAGOPI
78
RECTIFIERS
Ripple voltage, V
r

Variation in the
capacitor voltage due
to the charging and
discharging
Undesirable the
smaller the better
Ripple factor, r
Indication of the
effectiveness of the
filter and defined as
1
2

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
dc
rms
V
V
r
R.JEYAGOPI
79
RECTIFIERS

half-wave rectifier
full-wave rectifier
VC
VC
Vr(pp)
R.JEYAGOPI
80
RECTIFIERS
Voltage regulator
Connected to the output of a capacitor-input
filter and maintains a constant output voltage or
current despite changes in the input, load
current, or temperature
Line regulation
(V
out
/ V
in
) x 100%
Load regulation
(V
NL
- V
FL
) / V
FL
x 100%

R.JEYAGOPI
81
Controlled three-phase
+
vo
_

vpn

vnn

io
D3

D2

D6
+ vcn -
n
+ vbn -
+ van -

D5

D4
Vm
van vbn
vcn
o
vo
o
t
e e
t
o t
o t
cos
3
) sin(
3
1
: as computed be can voltage Average
3 2
3

|
.
|

\
|
= =

+
+

}
L L
L L o
V
t d t V V
R.JEYAGOPI
82
Three Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier R load
R.JEYAGOPI
Three Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier R load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
V 3 PIV =
}
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
t
o t
o
t
t
e e
t
6 /
m
m o(dc)
6
cos 1
2
3V
t) d( t sin V
2
3
V
83
2 / 1
m
2 / 1
6 /
2
m o(rms)
2
3
sin
8
1
4 24
5
V 3 t) d( t) sin (V
2
3
V
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
(

=
}
+
o
t
t t
o
e e
t
t
o t
R
V
I
o(dc)
o(dc)
=
R
V
I
o(rms)
o(rms)
=
** Vm is the peak phase voltage
R.JEYAGOPI
Three Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier R-L load
84 R.JEYAGOPI
Three Phase Half Wave
Controlled Rectifier R-L
load
85
Larger firing angle
Largest firing angle
R.JEYAGOPI
Three Phase Half Wave Controlled
Rectifier R-L load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
V 3 PIV =
}
+
+
= =
o t
o t
o
t
e e
t
6 / 5
6 /
m
m o(dc)
cos
2
V 3 3
t) d( t sin V
2
3
V
86
2 / 1
m
2 / 1
6 / 5
6 /
2
m o(rms)
cos2
8
3
6
1
V 3 t) d( t) sin (V
2
3
V
(

+ =
(

=
}
+
+
o
t
e e
t
o t
o t
R
V
I
o(dc)
o(dc)
=
R
V
I
o(rms)
o(rms)
=
** Vm is the peak phase voltage
R.JEYAGOPI
Three Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier R-L load
87 R.JEYAGOPI
Three phase full wave controlled rectifier : R
load
88 R.JEYAGOPI
Three Phase Full Wave
Controlled Rectifier R-L
load
89
Large firing
angle
Small firing
angle
R.JEYAGOPI
Three Phase Full Wave Controlled
Rectifier R load
Peak reverse blocking voltage, PIV

The average output voltage, V
o(dc)
.


The average current voltage, I
o(dc)
.

The rms output voltage, V
o(rms)
.


The rms current voltage, I
o(rms)
.


m
V 3 PIV =
}
+
+
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
o t
o t
o
t
e
t
e
t
2 /
6 /
m
m o(dc)
cos
V 3 3
t) d(
6
t sin V 3
3
V
90
2 / 1
m
2 / 1
2 /
6 /
2 2
m o(rms)
cos2
4
3 3
2
1
V 3 t) d(
6
t sin 3V
3
V
(

+ =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ =
}
+
+
o
t
e
t
e
t
o t
o t
R
V
I
o(dc)
o(dc)
=
R
V
I
o(rms)
o(rms)
=
** Vm is the peak phase voltage
R.JEYAGOPI
Controlled three-phase R load
Average line-to-line half-wave output voltage
is given as


rms line-to-line half-wave output voltage
91
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
}
+
o
t
t
e
t
t
o
t
6
cos 1
2
3
sin
2
3
6
m
m
V
tdt V
( )
2 1
6
2
2
3
sin
8
1
4 24
5
3 sin
2
3
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
(
(
(

}
+
o
t
t t
o
e
t
t
o
t
m m
V dt t V
R.JEYAGOPI 91
Controlled three-phase RL load
Average line-to-line half-wave output voltage
is given as


rms line-to-line half-wave output voltage
92
R.JEYAGOPI 92
Controlled three-phase R load
Average line-to-line full-wave output voltage
could be given as



rms line-to-line full-wave output voltage


93

( ) o
t
e
t
e
t
o
t
o
t
cos
3 3
6
sin 3
3
2
6
m
m
V
t d t V =
|
.
|

\
|
+
}
+
+
R.JEYAGOPI 93
Controlled three-phase
Example:
A three phase half-wave rectifier is operated from a three phase
star-connected 208V 60Hz supply and load resistance 10. If it is
required to obtain an average output voltage 50% maximum output
voltage, calculate:
a) the delay angle,
b) the rms and average output currents

94
R.JEYAGOPI 94
Controlled three-phase
95
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
A
V
R
V
I
A
V
R
V
I
V V
V V
V
V V
V V
V V
V
V V V
V V
rms o
rms o
dc o
dc o
rms o
m rms o
m
dc o
dc o
m m
dc o
S m
S
919 . 9
10
19 . 99
566 . 7
10
66 . 75
19 . 99 1137 . 0 3 83 . 169 10 3 . 5 089 . 0 208 . 0 3 83 . 169
3
180
) 84 . 63 ( 2 sin
8
1
4
180
84 . 63
24
5
3 83 . 169 2
3
sin
8
1
4 24
5
3
84 . 63
84 . 93 30
067 . 0 1 933 . 0 1
83 . 169 3
2 66 . 75
6
cos
6
cos 1
2
3
66 . 75 5 . 0
3 . 151
866 . 1
2
83 . 169 3
0
6
cos 1
2
3
6
cos 1
2
3
83 . 169 2
1 . 120
3
208
,
,
,
,
3
,
,
,
,
,
=
O
= =
=
O
= =
= = + =
|
.
|

\
|
+ +

=
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
=
= +
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
+
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + = =
=
=
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
(

|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
= =
= =

t t
t
o
t
t t
o
o
o
t
o
t
o
t
t
t
t
t
o
t
t
R.JEYAGOPI 95
96
RECTIFIERS -
IMPORTANT INFORMATION & EQUATIONS
Average output voltage which is the DC
voltage component of three-phase rectifier is
much higher compared to single phase
Considers only one of the six segments of
output voltage
Rectification ratio=
rms o
ave o
ac
dc
P
P
P
P
,
,
=
R.JEYAGOPI
97
R I P
R
V
I
R
V
I
2
V
V

V
V V
: load R with rectifier ed uncontroll wave - Half
2
rms
rms
rms
o
m
rms
m
ave o
=
=
=
=
= =
t
e ) (sin
Z
V
) - t ( sin
Z
V
i(t)
e ) ( sin
Z
V
(t) i
) - t ( sin
Z
V
Z
V

Z
0 V
(t) i
: load L - R with rectifier ed uncontroll wave - Half
t
-
m m
t
-
m
n
m m m
f
t
t
u u e
u
u e u
u
+ =
=
= Z =
Z
Z
=
R.JEYAGOPI
98
] e ) - ( sin - ) - t [sin(
Z
V
i(t)
] cos - [cos
2
V
V
: load L - R with rectifier controlled wave - Half
t) - (
m
m
o
t
o
u o u e
| o
t
=
=
t
o
t
o
o
t
2
2 sin
- 1
2
V
V
] cos 1 [
2
V
V
: load R with rectifier controlled wave - Half
m
rms
m
o
+ =
+ =
R.JEYAGOPI
99
R I P
2
I
I
2V
V
: load R with rectifier ed uncontroll wave - Full
2
rms
m
rms
m
o
=
=
=
t
radian) in is (
4
2 sin

2
-
2
1

R
V
I
R
V
I
) cos 1 (
V
V
: load R with rectifier controlled wave - Full
m
rms
o
o

m
o
o
t
o
t
o
o
t
+ =
=
+ =
R.JEYAGOPI

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