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Wells
Disclaimer
The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided.
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Contents
1. Introduction 2. How Can Wells Optimise my Local Water System? 3. Prospecting for Groundwater Sources 4. Different Types of Wells and their Characteristics
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1. Introduction
Variability of the Groundwater Table
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1. Introduction
Groundwater Withdrawal from Wells by Means of Buckets or Pumps
Pumps
High quality drinking water No or just minor purification required Many low-cost and lowtech digging and drilling options available
Source: BAUMANN (2011)
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Dug Wells
Drilled Wells
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Well should be located in close proximity to the actual point of water use
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Well Head
Well Shaft
Intake
Source: SMET & WIJK (2002)
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b) High-tech machine-drilling
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b) Machine-drilling
Source: WURZEL (2000)
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Well casing (prevents the well from collapse and seepage of contaminants).
Well screen (holds back sediments while allowing water to infiltrate the well)
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Wellhead protection involves: Drainage Surficial seal: an apron Impermeable lining (dug wells) or casing (drilled wells) Securing functioning of the pump
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Source: NABUUR (n.y.)
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7. Applicability
Drilled Well Drilled Well
Can serve as a water supply for a Can serve as water supply for single households, for small rural community, depending on rural communities as for more the performance urban areas, depending on the Low-tech solution particularly size of the well (depth & for rural communities diameter).
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Disadvantages:
Long construction phase Dangerous excavation Motorised pump (power source) often required to lower the water table during construction
Application restricted to regions with rather soft geological formation and relatively high groundwater levels
Alteration of groundwater level can adversely affect the surrounding environment High susceptibility for contamination People (i.e. children) can fall in if the well is uncovered
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Disadvantages:
Skilled staff and experts required for drilling Pump required, which needs appropriate operation and maintenance Lower yield than hand-dug wells (smaller diameter) Overexploitation may lead to adverse effects on the environment Arsenic pollution may occur More technical equipment and skills necessary for construction No integrated storage capacity / recharge during periods of low abstraction
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9. References
BAUMANN, E. (2011): Low-cost Hand Pumps. St. Gallen: Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN). URL: http://www.rwsn.ch/documentation/prcollector.2009-04-05.2482958002/skatdocumentation.2011-07-01.0268979788/file [Accessed: 02.04.2012]. BUCHANAN, B.; DE LA CRUZ, N; MACPHERSON, J.; WILLIAMSON, K. (2010): Water Wells that Last for Generations. Edmonton: Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. URL: http://www1.agric.gov.ab.ca/$department/deptdocs.nsf/all/wwg404 [Accessed: 23.04.2012].
ELSON, B.; SHAW, R. (1995): Simple Drilling Methods. Leicestershire: Water, Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC), Loughborough University. URL: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/43-simple-drilling-methods.pdf [Accessed: 21.03.2012].
IWMI (n.y.): Diesel pump in operation. Colombo: International Water Management Institute (IWMI). URL: http://awmsolutions.iwmi.org/motorized-pumps.aspx [Accessed: 25.04.2012]. NABUUR (n.y.): Protected dug well in Uganda. Amersfoort: Nabuur. URL: http://www.nabuur.com/en/village/nakyerongosa/project/task/integrated-community-managed-water-hygiene-and-sanitationimprovem [Accessed: 15.03.2012]. NE (n.y.): Solar Water Pump. Lahore: National Engineers (NE). URL: http://www.ne.com.pk/uploads/images/Gallery/pump/DSCN0054.jpg [Accessed: 26.04.2012]. SMET, J. (Editor); WIJK, C. van (Editor) (2002): Small Community Water Supplies: Technology, People and Partnership: Groundwater Withdrawal - Chapter 10. The Hague: International Water and Sanitation Centre (IRC). URL: http://www.irc.nl/page/1917 [Accessed: 29.02.2012]. WATERAID (2008): Technology Notes. London: Wateraid. URL: http://www.wateraid.org/documents/plugin_documents/technology_notes_2008.pdf [Accessed: 12.03.2011] WATER CHARITY (n.y.): Deep-well hand piston pump including apron and drain in Wallalan, Upper Badibu District, Gambia. Crestline: Water Charity. URL: http://appropriateprojects.com/images/jorgensen/7.jpg [Accessed: 02.04.2012]. WURZEL, P. (2001): Drilling Boreholes for Handpumps. St. Gallen: Swiss Centre for Development Cooperation in Technology and Management (SKAT). URL: http://www.skat.ch/publications/prarticle.2005-09-29.5069774463/prarticle.2006-1102.5180575226/skatpublication.2006-11-02.0404244520/file [Accessed: 22.03.2012].
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