Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Introduction
Architect
Is the art or science of building A methode or style of building (Webster Dictionary) Here the approprite analogy is perhaps with building architecture. An architect capabilities are greatly enhanced if he is also exposed to the design aspects of the computer system
Computer Architecture
Deals with the functional behaviour of acomputer system as viewed by a programmer. This view includes aspect such as:
Eg. Using 16 binary digit to represent an integer Like addition, substraction, & subroutine calls
Computer Architecture Is
the attributes of a [computing] system as seen by the programmer, i.e., the conceptual structure and functional behavior, as distinct from the organization of the data flows and controls the logic design, and the physical implementation. Amdahl, Blaaw, and Brooks, 1964 SOFTWARE
1950s to 1960s: Computer Architecture Course: Computer Arithmetic 1970s to mid 1980s: Computer Architecture Course: Instruction Set Design, especially ISA appropriate for compilers 1990s: Computer Architecture Course: Design of CPU, memory system, I/O system, Multiprocessors, Networks 2010s: Computer Architecture Course: Self adapting systems? Self organizing structures? DNA Systems/Quantum Computing?
Strong Prerequisite
Comp. Arch.
Why, Analysis, Evaluation
Parallel
Parallel Architectures, Languages, Systems
How to build it Implementation details Basic knowledge of the organization of a computer is assumed!
To Understand the design techniques, machine structures, technology factors, evaluation methods that will determine the form of computers in 21st Century
Technology Parallelism Programming Languages Interface Design (Inst. Set Arch.)
Applications
Computer Architecture: Instruction Set Design Organization Hardware
Operating Systems
History
2.
Processor-memory-switch level at which an architect view the system. Its simply a discription of system component and their interconnections. Instruction Set level, at which level the function of each instruction is described. The emphasis of this description level is on the behaviour of the system rather than the hardware structure of the system
Memory Hierarchy
L2 Cache
L1 Cache
VLSI
Instruction Set Architecture
P M
P M
Interconnection Network
Processor-Memory-Switch
Throughout this text we will focus on optimizing machine cost per performance
Computer Architecture
Evolusi
Mechanical Era
Gear, tangkai dan katrol Tingkat kecerdasan: menghitung SCHICKHARD(1623): Kalkulator pertama PASCAL (1642): menjumlah dan mengurangi otomatis LEIBNIZ (1671):mengalikan dan membagi otomatis BARBAGE (1827):mesin differensial 1834: Mesin Analitik, komputasi Multi Purpose (program)
Historical Generations
1st Generation: 194659, vacuum tubes, relays, mercury delay lines 2nd generation: 195964, discrete transistors and magnetic cores 3rd generation: 196475, small- and medium-scale integrated circuits 4th generation: 1975present, single-chip microcomputer Integration scale: components per chip
Small: 10100 Medium: 1001,000 Large: 100010,000 Very large: greater than 10,000
Early Computing
1946: ENIAC, us Army, 18,000 Vacuum Tubes
1949:
1954: 1957: 1958: 1964: 1969: 1970: 1981: 1986:
Founded
IBM 360, CDC 6600, DEC PDP-8 UNIX FLOPPY DISK IBM PC, 1st Successful Portable (Osborne1) Connection Machine, MAX Headroom Debut
O/S
Batch
Generation Evolutionary
Multiprog. V.M.
Parallelism
4k DRAM 16k DRAM 64k DRAM 256k DRAM 1M DRAM 4M DRAM 16M DRAM
Application Area
Special Purpose (e.g., DSP) / General Purpose Scientific (FP intensive) / Commercial
Object Code/Binary Compatible (cost HW vs. SW) Assembly Language (dream to be different from binary) Programming Language; Why not?
Size of Address Space Memory Management/Protection Context Switch Interrupts and Traps IEEE 754 Floating Point I/O Bus Networks Operating Systems / Programming Languages
Technology
Very large dynamic RAM: 64 MBits and beyond Large fast Static RAM: 1 MB, 10ns
Parallelism
Low Power
Parallel I/O
Many applications I/O limited, not computation Computation scaling, but memory, I/O bandwidth not keeping pace New interface technologies Video, speech, handwriting, virtual reality,
Multimedia
Original
Supercomputer
Mainframe
Server
Supercomputer
Work- PC station
Function
Rise of networking/local interconnection technology Technology Advances CMOS VLSI dominates TTL, ECL in cost & performance Computer architecture advances improves low-end RISC, Superscalar, RAID,
Performance
Simpler development CMOS VLSI: smaller systems, fewer components Higher volumes CMOS VLSI : same dev. cost 10,000 vs. 10,000,000 units Lower margins by class of computer, due to fewer services
Graduation Window
10000000
Moores Law
1000000
Pentium i80486
Transistors
Alpha 21264: 15 million Pentium Pro: 5.5 million PowerPC 620: 6.9 million Alpha 21164: 9.3 million Sparc Ultra: 5.2 million
CMOS improvements: Die size: 2X every 3 yrs Line width: halve / 7 yrs
i8086 10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year 1990 1995 2000
year
size(Mb)
cyc time
100000000
10000000
1000000
100000
10000
0.0625 250 ns 0.25 220 ns 1 190 ns 4 165 ns 16 145 ns 64 120 ns 256 100 ns
Bits
1000
CMOS Improvements
Die 25 size 2X every 3 yrs Die size increase plus Line widths halve every 7 yrs
20 15
Transistor Count
10
5
Line Width Improvement
0 1980
Die Size
1983
1986
1989
1992
8M 1M 128K
1
8K 1970 1Kbit 4K 16K 1980 64K
chip
256K
1/8
1M
chip
1990 4M 16M
Time
64M 2000 256M
1,000
21264S 21164A 21264 Pentium(R) 21064A 21164 II 21066 MPC750 604 604+
10
100
486 386
10 1
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
Mhz
100
Mainframes
10
Minicomputers Microprocessors
10
8600 | MV10K
Mips 25 MHz
o 9000
o | MIPS (8 MHz)
uVAX 6K (CMOS)
1.0
780 5 MHz
68K
uVAX CMOS
1990
1000
1200
Sun-4/260 MIPS M/2000 MIPS M/120 IBM RS/6000 HP 9000/750 DEC AXP/500 IBM POWER 100 DEC Alpha 4/266 DEC Alpha 5/300 DEC Alpha 5/500 DEC Alpha 21164/600
200
400
600
800
1.54X/yr
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97
Workstation performance (measured in Spec Marks) improves roughly 50% per year (2X every 18 months) Improvement in cost performance estimated at 70% per year
Processor Perspective
Technology? Organization? Instruction Set Architecture? Software? Some combination of all of the above?
10
Minicomputers Microprocessors
1
CISC/RISC
0.1
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Year
100000000
10000000
Trans istors
r4000
i8086 10000 i8080 i4004 1000 1970 1975 1980 1985 Year 1990 1995 2000
What is Ahead?
Greater instruction level parallelism? Bigger caches? Multiple processors per chip? Complete systems on a chip? (Portable Systems) High performance LAN, Interface, and Interconnect
500-2,000 M
LAN (Switch)
Busses
2-10 Mbits
10 (100)
155-655 (ATM)
Software Technology
1980 1990 Languages C, FORTRAN C++, HPF Op. System proprietary +DUM* User I/F glass Teletype WIMP* stylus, audio,video, ?? Comp. Styles T/S, PC Client/Server New things PC & WS parallel proc. Capabilities WP, SS WP,SS, mail 2000 object stuff?? +DUM+NT voice, agents*mobile appliances video, ??
DUM = DOS, n-UNIX's, MAC WIMP = Windows, Icons, Mouse, Pull-down menus Agents = robots that work on information
On-line 12-25 Gigabytes; $10 1-Gbyte floppies & CDs Micros increase at 60% per year ... parallelism Radio links for untethered computing
Telephone, fax, radio, television, camera, house, ...Real personal (watch, wallet,notepad) computers We should be able to simulate:
Nearly everything we make and their factories Much of the universe from the nucleus to galaxies
Office agents: phone/FAX/comm; files/paper handling Untethered computing: fully distributed offices ?? Integration of video, communication, and computing: desktop video publishing, conferencing, & mail Large, commercial transaction processing systems Encapsulate knowledge in a computer: scientific & engineering simulation (e.g.. planetarium, wind tunnel, ... )
Visualization & virtual reality Computational chemistry e.g. biochemistry and materials Mechanical engineering without prototypes Image/signal processing: medicine, maps, surveillance. Personal computers in 2001 are today's supercomputers Integration of the PC & TV => TC
64-bit computers video, voice, communication, any really new apps? Increasingly large, complex systems and environments Usability? Plethora of non-portable, distributed, incompatible, non-interoperable computers: Usability? Scalable parallel computers can provide commodity supercomputing: Markets and trained users?
Apps to fuel and support a chubby industry: communications, paper/office, and digital video The true portable, wireless communication computer Truly personal card, pencil, pocket, wallet computer Networks continue to limit: WAN, ISDN, and ATM?
TAMAT ELECTRONIC
E R A