Brackish water usage, Impact of Hydrology on

Landscapes and Environment, waste water treatment

Water salinity

Water class

Electrical Salt conductivity concentrati dS/m on mg/l

<0.7
0.7 - 2

Type of water

Non-saline
Slightly saline

<500
500-1500

Drinking and irrigation water

Irrigation water

Moderately saline

2 10

1500-7000

Primary drainage water and groundwater

Secondary drainage water and groundwater Very saline groundwater Seawater

Highly saline

10-25

7000-15 000

Very highly saline Brine

25 45 >45

15000-35000 >45 000

 Freshwater is defined water with < 0.5 ppt dissolved salts Water salinity based on dissolved salts in (ppt) Freshwater < 0.5 Brackish water 0.5 35 Saline water 35 50 Brine > 50

Brackish water
result from mixing of seawater with fresh water, as in

estuaries, or it may occur in brackish fossil aquifers Brackish water habitats

Estuaries, mangroves, brackish seas and lakes

 Use of Brackish water desalination for drinking heated wastewater in the cooling process and brine disposal issues agriculture crop production, aquaculture, forage production, in thermoelectric-power industry to cool electricitygenerating equipment mining and other industrial purposes used extensively to irrigate gardens, parks and sports fields biomass production salt extraction

OBTAINING RELIABLE FRESH WATER SUPPLIES FROM CHALLENGING WATER SOURCES

Water Desalination

Need for Desalination

Economic expansion Agriculture and food Public health Quality of life

Can we drink salt water?

The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Water, water, everywhere And all the boards did shrink Water, water, everywhere Nor any drop to drink
-Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Small quantities are not harmful, but it is

counterproductive (it just makes you more thirsty!) Eventually, it can be dangerous, ultimately producing fatal seizures, heart arrhythmias and kidney failure

Natural Desalination: Water Cycle!

Major Stages
1. Evaporation 2. Condensation 3. Precipitation 4. Collection

Desalination Technologies
1.

Thermal Desalination Processes Similar to the Earths natural water cycle Water is heated, evaporated and collected Produces clean water and brine
Example: Multi-Stage Flash Desalination Process uses multiple boiling chambers kept at different atmospheric pressures Saltwater enters the system and is boiled and evaporated in each chamber Process produces clean water and brine

Desalination Technologies
2. Membrane Desalination Processes Saltwater is forced through membrane sheets at high

pressures Membrane sheets are designed to catch salt ions Process produces clean water and brine
Example: Reverse Osmosis Saltwater is forced through a membrane at 600 to 1000 psi Multiple layers of membranes remove as many of the salt ions as possible

Desalination Plants around the World

Jabel Ali Desalination Station in Dubai

Capacity: 140 million gallons per day Opened June 2010

More Desalination Plants

Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates (3) Aruba (1) Australia (3 in use, 3 under construction, 1 planned) Cyprus (1) Israel (3 in use, 2 under construction) USA
Yuma (Arizona), opened 1992 El Paso (Texas) opened 2004 Tampa Bay (Florida) opened 2007 Monterey (California), in the planning stages

Republic of Trinidad and Tobago (1)

Systems and System Diagrams

System: An object that receives inputs and transforms them into outputs

System diagram: A block diagram that describes operation of a system

vapor
condenser

water
membrane

drinking water

saltwater
evaporator evaporator

clean water

vapor

condenser

water

brine
waste tank

brine

brine

Example: This plant uses two evaporators and condensers along with a membrane filter to clean saltwater (follow the arrows though the diagram)

Impact of Hydrology on Environment and Landscapes

 Landscapes as a level in the biological hierarchy

Biomes- landscapes- ecosystems-communities-

populations Individual

Flora (forests) and fauna(animals) are one of the renewable resources of our country. In ancient times the country was famous for its dense and continuous forests like Dandakaranya, panchavati, Naimishyaranya etc. But with the advance of civilization through ages, most part these forests are gone now. Only 22 % of the total land of the country is covered with forests now. The flora of India is diverse. It is estimated that our country possesses 45,000 different species of plants. This is the widest range of diverse plants found in any country in the world. Nearly 5000 species are found exclusively in India. We can subdivide the forests of India into five classes. They are:

1.Tropical Rain Forests (Ever green forests) 2.Tropical Deciduous Forests 3.Thorn and Scrub Forests 4.Tidal Forests (Mangrove Forests) and

5. Mountain Forests

Forest Types :
Terrain, climate, soil and water conditions greatly influence the character and type of vegetation. The Himalayan region, possesses a variety of vegetation with a distinctive character of alpine type at higher altitudes and this region is clearly distinguished from the rest of the country. Climatic factors mainly temperature and rainfall determine which plant community can flourish in a specific habitat. Soils and drainage considerably introduce modifications, and thus we have edaphic types such as the tidal forests.

Tropical wet evergreen and semi evergreen forests are found in Southern Western Ghats, north-eastern India and Plains of West Bengal with altitude ranging from 500-1500 mts and rainfall exceeding 200cms. Height of trees is from 45-60mts.Vegetation is very dense. Variety of species is very large consists of rose wood, paan, aini, telsur.

Tropical moist deciduous forests are found in Western ghats and Chota`Nagpur plateau and Siwaliks of Himalayas. These forests have hilly terrains and plateau regions with rainfall between 100-200cms. These are tropical monsoon forests with tall trees which rise upto 25-60mts. Teak is a dominant species and other species are sandal wood, sal and shisham

Tropical dry deciduous forests occupy the large part of peninsular plateau, Ganga plain and area between the Thar, the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. They cover vast areas of plateau and plain areas with rainfall between 70-100cms. This type of forest is found with open formations and the important species are teak, bamboo, sal and khair.

Thorn forests are found in the plains of Punjab, seaside's of Western ghats and the drier parts of the Deccan plateau, this type forests are found in dry areas with rainfall less than 70cms. The vegetation consists of open stunted forests and xerophytic bushes and trees are just 6-7mts high. Acacias and euphoria's are common species everywhere.

Tidal forests are found in channels and islands of the Indian deltas like Ganga, Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna. They grow in the brackish as well as fresh waters areas and where mud and silt get accumulated. Mangrove is the most important tree in these forests which reaches 30mts high. Canes and palms are the species.

The Himalayan Temperate and Alpine forests are found in all the ranges of middle and upper Himalayas. The trees range from 100-250cms of rain fall.at an elevation 1600-3000mtsand the Alphine forests at a higher elevation of 3500mts and above. A great variety of species like broad leafed temperate evergreen trees like oaks, laurels, chestnuts, walnuts etc The Alphine vegetation consists of birch junifers, silver fir and shrubby rhododendrons.

 Hydrology & Climate Change-Change in rainfall

pattern- Has impact on Environment leading to Drought, Flooding etc. Hydrology & Ecosystem Services Hydrology & Human Health

Planning for water security

Water Treatment Techniques

POTABLE WATER FOR DOMESTIC PURPOSES

Municipal Supply

WASTE WATER TREATMENT

Impurities in Water: Classification

1. SUSPENDED MATTER: fine particles of sand, clay and minerals dispersed and insoluble in water. Suspension makes water turbid; Suspended matter also could be of organic in nature like oil globules, vegetable and animal matter. 2. DISSOLVED GASES: Common gases dissolved in water are CO2, Oxygen, nitrogen, oxides of nitrogen, SO2 and hydrogen sulfide 3. DISSOLVED SALTS: Chlorides and sulfates of calcium and magnesium, sodium, potassium, iron and aluminium are readily soluble in water. Traces of zinc, copper bicarbonates, sulfates, nitrates and fluorides may also be present 4. COLLOIDAL MATTER: Largely due to vegetable and organic impurities.
Finely divided clay, silica, aluminum and iron hydroxides, org. waste products, humic acids, coloring matters, complex proteins are suspended in water

5. MICROORGANISMS: More found in surface waters than u.g. waters.

Bacteria, algae, fungi, other forms of animal and plant life attribute color, taste and odor to water

Water Treatment
Potable Water: The water for domestic purposes should be potable and palatable Characteristics of drinking water: High degree clarity Good taste and no smell Reasonably soft No pathogenic organisms

Water Treatment for domestic use

Water treatment for municipal supply or domestic Use consists of the following stages:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Screening Sedimentation Coagulation Filtration Disinfection

Potable water treatment

Typical layout of a water treatment plant

Water Treatment for domestic use 1.Screening

The river or lake water is passed through steel screens, having large number of holes. Floating materials, dead fish, animal, wood, leaves and other debris present in water is removed by retention on screen
The first step in purifying surface water is to remove large debris such as sticks, leaves, trash and other large particles which may interfere with subsequent purification steps

Water Treatment for domestic use

2. Sedimentation
Purpose: Remove large suspended particles (clay and colloidal particles) by reducing velocity of incoming water and allowing gravity to settle out heavy particles The 2 Types of sedimentation: 1. Plain Sedimentation: Water simply allowed to stand undisturbed for several hours; dense suspended particles settle by gravitational force. The process depends on weight and size, shape of particles Disadvantages of plain sedimentation: Longer periods of detention Low density and colloidal particles not removed Can remove only up to ~70% of TSPM

Water Treatment for domestic use

The 2 Types of sedimentation: 2. Sedimentation with coagulation: Sedimentation in the presence of a coagulant which assists to remove fine and colloidal particles Coagulants: Alum, sod. Aluminate, ferrous and ferric sulfate; Calculated amount of coagulant added in solution form and water is allowed to stand for a few hours; particles settle down as sludge Mechanism of coagulation: Alum is best coagulant; when added undergoes hydrolysis to form voluminous, gelatinous precipitate of aluminium-hydroxide which helps in removing the colloidal particles by: (a) Trapping colloidal particles and carry down to bottom, settle as sludge (b) The coagulant molecules dissociate and produce ions (cations & anions); these ions neutralize charges on colloidal particles; neutral atoms combine, grown bigger and settle down K2SO4Al2(SO4)324H2O Potash Alum

Water Treatment for domestic use

4. Filtration:
The water is passed through porous medium or bed; the SPM is retained by the bed and filtered water acquires high degree of clarity. Two types of filters
Gravity Filters Pressure Filters

Slow sand filters

A concrete tank having drainage system; above drainage system, 3 layers of filter beds are spread. Bottom gravel, middle coarse sand and top most layer of fine sand. The rate of filtration decreases over time due to clogging; the exhausted fine sand is periodically replaced.

Rapid sand filters

working is similar to slow sand filters but provided with reverse wash system when the rate of filtration decreases, a portion of filtered water is forced through the filter bed in reverse direction of filtration after stopping filtration. This flushes off the particles and cleaned filter is again used for filtration; washing is repeated to maintain the rate of filtration at optimum level

Water Treatment for domestic use

5. Disinfection and sterilisation:
Pathogenic contamination is cause of spreading of diseases like cholera typhoid etc. Chemicals which are used to destroy bacteria and viruses are called disinfectants. Disinfection : Process of killing disease causing bacteria alone Sterilization : Destruction of all living organisms present in water Methods of disinfection: Boiling (b) Chlorination Addition of chloramines (c) Ozone treatment

a) b)

Methods of disinfection: a) Boiling: Boiling for 15-20 minutes kills all types of bacteria; this method could be adopted for hospital and household purpose; the method is expensive for treating municipal water supply.

Water Treatment for domestic use

Methods of disinfection:

(b) CHLORINATION: Chlorine is widely used disinfectant for municipal water supply because: It is readily available both in liquid and gas form has powerful bactericidal property Does not introduce impurities and Economical
Mechanism of chlorination: Chlorine produces: i. Ionised hydrochloric acid (H+ and Cl-) at pH 6.5 ii. Un-ionised hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a powerful bactericidal agent. At higher pH value of 8, HOCl undergoes ionization Hypochlorite ion (OCl-) and H+ ions are formed; hypochlorite ion is a weak bactericidal agent. Thus chlorine is a powerful disinfectant
Limitations: High residual chlorine produces unpleasant taste and odour; irritates mucous membrane Cl2 produces toic residues like CHCl3, CCL4 by reaction with organic pollutants in water; on a chronic usage these compounds may damage liver and kidney

Water Treatment for domestic use

(c) ADDITION OF CHLORAMINES: they are derivatives of NH3; they are:mono chloramine (NH2Cl); dichloramine (NHCl2) and trichloramine (NCl3); Monochloramine is found to be powerful bactericidal agent; when added to water it slowly decomposes to produce unionised hypochlorous acid Chloramines act as reserve for chlorine; available residual chlorine in chloramines inactivates any contamination that may be introduced after initial disinfection and thus provides sustained protection

Advantages: Chloramines are powerful bactericidal agents Imparts good taste to water Residual chlorine does not cause health hazards Sustained disinfection gives additional protection

Water Treatment for domestic use

Methods of disinfection: (d) OZONE TREATMENT: Ozone destroys effectively all types of bacterial and renders water absolutely safe; leaves no smell. It is an excellent and efficient disinfectant. When added to water, ozone breaks up into oxygen molecule and nascent oxygen: O3 = O2 + [O] The nascent oxygen is a very strong oxidizing agent and destroys pathogenic germs It also removes odour and colour that may be present due to organic substances; renders water safe, tastier and pleasant to look

Only disadvantage is it is expensive to be used for large quantity of water supply

COMPLETE CYCLE OF WATER TREATMENT:

COAGULATION

STORAGE SEDIMENTATION FILTRATION DISINFECTION

Conventional Water Treatment

Wastewater treatment SEWAGE TREATMENT

SEWAGE TREATMENT

Sewage is domestic waste water; it includes household water, toilet wastes, industrial wastes (effluents) and rainwater (storm-water).
Sludge is semi-solid material such as the type precipitated by sewage treatment.

Course 1 Unit 1

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Conventional, open system [(also called end-of-pipe) technology]

SEWAGE TREATMENT

PRIMARY SEWAGE TREATMENT

Primary sewage treatment is the removal of solid matter called sludge. Biological activity is not very important in primary treatment. Primary treatment removes about 25-35% of the biologically degradable organic matter of sewage.
SECONDARY SEWAGE TREATMENT Secondary sewage treatment is the biological degradation of organic matter in sewage after primary treatment Activated sludge systems, trickling filters are methods of secondary treatment. Microorganisms degrade the organic matter aerobically; 95% of the biological degradation achieved

TERTIARY SEWAGE TREATMENT Uses physical filtration and chemical precipitation to remove all the biologically degradable organic matter, nitrogen, and phosphorus from water. Tertiary treatment provides drinkable water, whereas secondary treatment provides water usable only for irrigation.

SEWAGE TREATMENT

The water after use emerging out of industry is termed as effluent while water which emerges out after domestic consumption is called sewage. The common constituents of sewage are carbonaceous organic matter, human faeces and detergents. The sewage treatment is classified under three categories. They are: primary, secondary and tertiary treatment PRIMARY TREATMENT: This method removes suspended solids, odour, colour, gases and oil. This treatment has the following stages : (i) Screening (ii)Sedimentation (iii)Degasification (iv)Oil separation (i) Screening: In this method two metal screens are used. One metal screen has wide openings (about 2-5 cm in diameter) and the other metal screen has small openings (about 0.25 cm). Heavy pieces such as coal particles, bone chips, pebbles, brick pieces and sand settle down on first metal screen. Now, water passes through the metal screen with small openings. Small floating matters are removed. The metal screens and the grit chamber are cleaned regularly using mechanical scrapers.

SEWAGE TREATMENT : Primary Treatment (ii) Sedimentation: Waste water enters the sedimentation tank. It has V-shaped bottom with an opening at the bottom to remove the sludge. The screened water enters the sedimentation tank from the bottom and slowly rises upwards. The settleable solid particles are pulled down due to gravity. The rate of settling depends upon the size and density of the particles and the temperature. The water is then out of the chamber while the sludge is removed from the bottom. (iii) Degasification: The waste water is stored in large shallow tanks and exposed to the atmosphere. The dissolved gases escape from the surface. (iv) Oil Separation: Air under high pressure is forced in to waste water containing oil and grease. The water is passed into a low pressure chamber. Since the solubility of air in water decreases, surplus air comes out and the bubbles of these carry the oil with them to the top. The oil is removed by skimming.

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND

Oxygen is sparingly soluble in water about 9 ppm at 20C in fresh water. Aquatic organisms live using dissolved oxygen. The amount of organics in a sample water is measured in terms dissolved oxygen required for oxidation of the organics, by micro-organisms, a new term called Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is coined this purpose.

Biological Oxygen demand (BOD) is defined as the amount of oxygen required by the micro organisms for the biological oxidation of organic wastes present in one dm3 of waste water for a period of 5 days, at 20C.
World Health Organization (WHO) has imposed a limit of 4 mg dm-3 (4 ppm) on the BOD of raw water to be used for public supply.

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Secondary treatment

SECONDARY TREATMENT: This treatment is also called Biological Treatment. The dissolved and colloidal and soluble organic matter present in waste water after the primary treatment are removed by micro-organisms.
During this process, oxidation of waste result in the formation of simple species like CO2, H2O, nitrates and nitrites. The secondary treatment involves two important processes trickling filter process and activated sludge process. Activated sludge Process:

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Secondary treatment

Activated sludge process The waste water enters specially designed tanks which is either rectangular or circular shaped. It comes in contact with the gelatinous mass which in heavily laden with micro organisms. This mass is called activated sludge. [Bacteria like Azobacter, Bacillus, Escherichia, arthrobacter and achromobacter, fungi like alttermaria, candida, zoophagus and arthobotrys are associated with activated sludge.]
Air is introduced into the tank and the micro organisms bring about biological degradation of waste into species like nitrates, sulphates, CO2 and also synthesis new bacterial cells. The sludge settles down and separated from water. A part of the sludge is retained in the tank for the treatment of fresh batch of waste water. It is a batch process in which the sample is aerated for about 4-10 hours. The quality of the treated effluent is fairly good. About 90-95% BOD removal is possible.

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Secondary treatment

Trickling filter method: Trickling filter consists of a rectangular or circular vessel with a filter bed made up of broken rock, broken bricks or large anthracite coal. Sewage is sprayed over this bed by means of a rotating distributor. As the sewage trickles or percolates downwards through the filter bed, microorganisms grow on the surface of aggregates; they consume materials of the sewage as food. Aerobic conditions are maintained and the purified sewage is removed from the bottom. The process removes 90% of biologically oxidizable impurities.

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Tertiary treatment

The secondary treatment the waste water may contain nitrogen in the form of nitrates and ammonia, phosphorous in the form of orthophosphates. In general, the following activities are carried out: Chemical coagulation & filtration Carbon adsorption Chemical oxidation Ammonia stripping Advanced biological treatment

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Tertiary treatment

1. Chemical coagulation: Coagulants like aluminium sulfate (alum), ferric sulfate, ferric chloride are added which react with suspended material to form flocs that will settle under the influence of gravity. Recently number of synthetic water soluble polymers have also been developed for use as chemical coagulants. Sedimentation with Coagulation - Finely divided particle suspension can be removed by treating it with a coagulant like alum or Al2(SO4)3 in pressure of sedimentation a tank polyvalent ions help in coagulation and easy settling of the colloidal particles. It is allowed to stand for several hours. Clear water is run off. Removal of Phosphates - These are precipitated chemically as calcium phosphate by adding lime [Ca(OH)2] at a pH above 11. In addition, heavy metal ions can also be precipitated as hydroxides. (ii) Removal of Nitrates - Nitrates are removed by denitrification.

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Tertiary treatment

2. Carbon Adsorption Carbon contains active sites that will have positive and negative charges. The waste water is allowed to pass through packs of carbon where they come in contact with charged sites and form bonds, held by adsorption on the carbon. This process effectively removes phosphates (PO4-) Certain organic compounds not removed during secondary treatment and pesticides like DDT are adsorbed on activated carbon.

Dissolved salts can be removed by Ion Exchange process such that the water can be used in high pressure boilers.
Disinfection - Chlorination or ozonisation are carried out to kill pathogenic bacteria. Besides, electrodialysis and reverse osmosis may also be used in tertiary treatment of water.

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Tertiary treatment

3. Chemical oxidation: The waste water is treated with strong oxidizing agents like H2O2 and ozone. The available oxygen induces decomposition of organic wastes. The efficiency of removal of organic wastes is high but removal of inorganics is low. Methods like ion-exchange, reverse osmosis and electrodialysis effectively remove ionorganics

DESALINATION PROCESSES
Desalination is a very expensive process and is used in places experiencing an acute shortage of fresh water.
Definition The process of removal of dissolved salts from sea water (or brackish water) to the extent, that water becomes usable is described as 'desalination' or 'desalting'. The important methods of desalination are: (a) Reverse osmosis (b) Electrodialysis

(a) REVERSE OSMOSIS:

Reverse osmosis was discovered in 18th century, but break through occurred in 1950 with the invention of cellulose acetate membranes Large capacity SWRO plant of 15 MGD was built in Saudi Arabia in 1994 Developments in the technology are: Long life membranes with high recovery and resistance to fouling Better membrane module designs Devices for energy recovery pressure exchangers Membrane costs are reduced compared to 10 years back

(b) REVERSE OSMOSIS:

Principle: In reverse osmosis process, the water is separated from dissolved salts by means of a membrane which permits the passage of water through it but not the salts. If such a membrane is placed between brine and pure water, water has a natural tendency to flow through the membrane into the brine due to osmotic pressure.

This natural process may be reversed by applying a pressure on the brine side higher than that of osmotic pressure, when fresh water tends to flow from brine into fresh water. The process which reverses the natural spontaneous osmosis is called "reverse osmosis"

Process: A series of tubes made up of porous material is lined on the inside with extremely thin film of cellulose acetate semi-permeable membrane. These tubes are arranged in parallel array in fresh water.

(b) REVERSE OSMOSIS:

Pressure

Concentrated solution

Fresh water

Concentrated solution

Fresh water

Pure solvent and solution when separated by a semi-permeable membrane, the solvent will flow through the membrane diluting the solution in the process. The process will continue till concentration of two media becomes equal and it is called osmosis

If pressure is applied to the part of cell containing solution so that it equals osmotic pressure, then there will be no osmosis and hence no flow; if pressure is greater than the osmotic pressure, the solvent will flow from solution compartment to the solvent compartment leaving more concentrated solution in the former. This is reverse osmosis

(b) REVERSE OSMOSIS:

Brackish water is pumped continuously at high pressure (> 25 atm) through these tubes. Water flows from brackish water into fresh water. The flow of water is proportional to applied pressure which in turn depends on the characteristics of the film. The film may rupture under excessive pressure. Greater the number of tubes, larger is the surface area and, hence, more production of fresh water. Concentrated brine and fresh water are withdrawn through their respective outlets.

(b) REVERSE OSMOSIS:

Limitation: This method, however, has not yet been used on large scale production of fresh water. The technique is only successful in the recovery of fresh water from brackish water.

This process does appear to have great promise with the development of improved membrane which can withstand high pressure.

Advantages: Process is simple and continuous. It involves no phase changes. The process needs low energy.

(b) REVERSE OSMOSIS:

Reverse Osmosis Filtration System

(c) ELELCTRODIALYSIS:

Principle: Electrodialysis process is based on the principle that the ions migrate towards oppositely charged electrodes when an emf is applied. The direction of ion's movement is further made specific by using ion-selective permeable membranes. The cation membranes are permeable to only cations while anion membranes are permeable to only anions. The process thus yields pure water by decreasing salt concentration.
The process of decreasing the concentration of salts in saline water using ion-selective membranes under the influence of an applied emf is called 'electrodialysis' .

(c) ELELCTRODIALYSIS:

An electrodialysis cell consists of a series of alternative cation and anion permeable membranes (C & A). The anode is placed near the anion permeable membrane while the cathode is placed near the cation permeable membrane.

A suitable emf depending on the level of salts in brine is applied across the two electrodes immersed in brine.
Under the influence of the applied emf, sodium ions (Na+) move through the cation permeable membrane (C) while anions (CI-) move through the anion permeable membrane (A) from each compartment of 'CA'.

The net result is the depletion of salt content in the 'CA' compartments and an increase in salt concentration in compartments' AC'.
The fresh water produced in ion depleted compartments (CA) is collected and pumped off. The concentrated brine produced in ion concentration compartments, is discharged through the outlet.

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Tertiary treatment

4. Ammonia stripping:
The ammonium ions are converted into ammonia by increasing the pH by addition of lime and vigorous agitation in the presence of air. This process drives ammonia from dissolved state into its gaseous form where it is released into the atmosphere.

SEWAGE TREATMENT: Tertiary treatment

5. Advanced biological treatment systems (Unit -6)

Sugar Industry

Wastewater Treatment
Lagoons

Trickling Filters
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) Reactor Activated Sludge Treatment

Sugar Industry

Lagoons
Anaerobic lagoons

Facultative lagoons
Aerobic lagoons Maturation ponds

Combined Lagoon (Anaerobic lagoons and

maturation ponds :80-90% BOD Removal Efficiency)

Sugar Industry

Lagoons

Fig. Diagram of aerobic (top) and facultative (bottom) aerated lagoons

Trickling Filter

Sugar Industry

Activated Sludge Treatment

Levels of Treatment
Primary

removal by physical separation of grit and large objects (material to landfill for disposal)

Secondary

aerobic microbiological process (sludge) organic matter + O2 CO2 + NH3 + H2O NH3 NO3-

Mostly dead microbes

aquatic lowers suspended solids content (into sludge)

nutrient

From primary process

Secondary process

To tertiary process

air diffuser

Aeration and rapid mixing

Settling collects sludge on bottom

Levels of Treatment continued

Tertiary (advanced)

anaerobic microbiological process with a different microbe where O2 is toxic (more sludge) NO3- N2 (escapes to atmosphere) PO4-3 if not removed in sludge in secondary process PO4-3 + Al+3 AlPO4 (s) (into sludge)

- aeration to strip N2 and re-oxygenate (add DO)

From secondary process

Tertiary process
add methanol as food source

Effluent

Slow mixing to keep suspended and O2 out

Settling collects sludge on bottom

When the treatment is done

Effluent back to stream after a final carbon filtration and chlorination/dechlorination Sludge very nutrient rich applied directly to land as fertilizer incinerated (good fuel after drying) composted

Wastewater Characteristics
Classification of Methods
Physical Processes
Screening Sedimentation Filtration

Chemical Processes
Precipitation Chlorination

Biological Processes
Aerobic Anaerobic