TIMBER DESIGN

DESIGN OF FLEXURAL MEMBER

A

member that is used to resist flexural stresses due to bending moment acting on the member.

FLEXURAL STRESS
Fb = MC/I =M/S Where: fb = bending stress(Pa) M = bending moment(kN.m) c = distance from the neutral axis(m) I = moment of inertia(m^4) S = section modulus(m^3)

SHEAR STRESS
Fv = VQ/Ib Where: fv = shear stress (Pa) V = shear force (N) Q = first static moment of area (m^3) I = moment of inertia (m^4) b = least width(m)

EXAMPLE

A masonry terrace of 75mm concrete surface with 25mm cement tiles rests on a 75mm x 200mm lumber spaced at 300mm on centers acting as simple beam with an effective span of 3.6m. Weight of wood is 7.5kN/m^3 and masonry to be 24kN/m^3. Ew = 13800 MPa, the allowable stresses are 14MPa for bending, 0.80MPa for shear parallel to the grain and deflection is 1/360 of span. Find the safe load.

FLEXURAL STRESS

NSCP Provision
When the slenderness factor Cs does not exceed 10, the full allowable unit stress in bending Fb may be used. 2. When slenderness factor Cs is greater than 10, but does not exceed Ck, the allowable unit stress in bending Fb shall be determine from the formula. Fb = Fb[ 1 1/3(Cs/Ck)^4] where: Ck = 0.811 sqrt(E/Fb) E = modulus of elasticity Cs = slenderness ratio Fb = allowable bending stress
1.

FLEXURAL MEMBER
3. When the slenderness factor Cs is greater than Ck but less than 50 the allowable unit stress in bending Fb shall be determined from the formula: Fb = 0.438E/(Cs)^2 in no case shall Cs exceed 50.

EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF BEAMS

EXAMPLE

A single-span beam having a span of 8m has a cross section of 200mm x 350mm is to carry a concentrated load at the center. If the allowable bending stress Fb = 9.6Mpa and modulus of elasticity of 13800MPa. Find the safe load considering the slenderness effect of the section.

SIZE FACTOR

STEEL DESIGN

Factor affecting the design of flexural member

1. 2.

3.

Lateral supports Cross of section of the member Compaction

FLEXURAL MEMBER

FLEXURAL MEMBER

EXAMPLE

A 10m steel wide flange is laterally supported. The width of the web if the beam is 700mm and web thickness is 10mm, Fy = 250MPa, and section modulus = 540 x 10^3mm^3. find the safe uniform load.

EXAMPLE

A concentrated load P are acting at the middle thirds of the beam having a span of 9m. The beam is made up of a wide flange with a yield strength of 344.5Mpa and modulus of elasticity of 200 GPa. The beam is laterally supported only every 3m distance. Neglect the weight and deflection of the beam.
Width = 368.8mm Depth of the beam = 356.11mm Thickness of the flange = 18.03mm Thickness of the web = 11.18mm Section modulus about the x-axis = 2343 x 10^3mm^3 Moment of inertia about the x-axis = 416 x 10^6mm^4

DESIGN OF TENSION MEMBER

Angles Channels Wide

flange

CONNECTORS
Bolted Riveted Welded

ALLOWABLE TENSILE CAPACITY

Based on Gross Area: T = 0.60FyAg where: T = tensile force (N) Fy = yield strength capacity (Pa) Ag = gross area (m^2)

ALLOWABLE TENSILE CAPACITY

Based on effective net area:

= 0.50FuAe where: Fu = ultimate strength (Pa) Ae = effective area (m^2)

= UAn An = Ag area of holes

EXAMPLE

A tension member has a span 0f 9m and carries a tensile load of 981kN. The member is to have two lines of rivets in each flange for the 20mm rivets with standard diameter of 21mm of hole dimension with at least 3 rivets in a line. Use A36 W-section. Neglect weight of member. Fy = 248MPa, Fu = 400MPa.

POSSIBLE SECTIONS
W250 x 60 A = 7613mm^2 d = 2985mm ry = 49.3mm tf = 13.10mm bf = 203.2mm

W250 x 54 A = 6839mm^2 d = 306mm ry = 39.4mm tf = 13.72mm bf = 166.75mm

W250 x 67 A = 8516mm^2 d = 301.50mm ry = 49.3mm tf = 14.63mm bf = 204.27mm

EXAMPLE

A single-angle tension member 175mm x 100mm x 18mm has two gage lines in its long leg and one in the short leg for 16mm bolts arranged as shown. Area of the angular section is 4961mm^2. use A36 Fy = 248MPa and Fu = 400MPa. Standard hole diam. for 16mm bolt 17mm. Determine its load capacity.

EXAMPLE

From the bolted connection shown in the figure, the steel plates which is 275mm x 12mm is connected by bolts having a diameter of hole equal to 2 mm greater than the 25mm dia. bolt. A36 is used with Fy = 248MPa and Fu = 400MPa. Determine the spacing between the rivets.