QUALITY OF WATER

Access to Safe Water is a Fundamental Human Need and Therefore a Basic Human Right

Palatable water: the water which is tasteful for drinking and aesthetically pure. Wholesome water: The water which is not chemically pure, but doesn't containing anything harmful to human health. Potable water: the water which has both the characteristics i.e., of Wholesome water and Palatable water is known as potable/ safe water.

Polluted water: the water which consist of undesirable substances which make it unfit for drinking and domestic use. Contaminated water: the water containing pathogenic organisms/bacteria is called as Contaminated water The contaminate water is always be polluted but the polluted water may not be contaminated

INTRODUCTION

Objective of water treatment/purification.

To collect water from best available sources and subject it to processing which will ensure water of good physical quality, free from unpleasant taste or odour and containing nothing which might be detrimental to health.

IMPORTANT REQUIREMENTS OF WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE

It should be colorless, and sparkling clear It should be of good taste, free from odour It should be reasonably soft It should be plentiful and cheap It should be free from disease producing bacteria It should be free from objectionable dissolved gases- -

-H2S

It should be free from harmful salts & minerals

iron, barium, silver, lead,..

-Ca,Mg,

It should be free from radio-active substance.radium, It should be free from phenolic compounds. chloride,
fluoride, iodide

COMMON IMPURITIES IN WATER

Suspended

impurities
bacteria,algae,silts

Dissolved

impuritiessalts,metals and minerals

Colloidal

impurities/electrically charged-

dyes,

WATER ANALYSIS
Purposes of water analysis

To classify the water with respect to general level of

mineral constituents

To determine the degree of clarity. To determine the chemical and bacteriological pollution

of water.

To determine the presence/ absence of an excess of any particular parameter.

To determine the level of organic impurities.

To ascertain whether purification of water has reached the required standards or not

EXAMINATION OF WATER
Physical

examination examination

Chemical

Microbiological

examination

SAMPLING
Definition
Sampling is process of the collection of relevant and valid data for its analysis.
General

requirements:

Obtain a sample that meets the requirements of sampling program. Does not deteriorate or become contaminated or compromised before analysed. Ensure that the sampling clean and quality assured before use. Use containers clean and free from contamination, bake @450C all bottles to be used for analysis sampling.

Fill the sample containers without pre rinsing with sample.

Fill the container full (most organic compound determination) or leave space for aeration, mixing etc (microbial and inorganic analysis).

Types of sampling
Grab sample

Composite samples
Integrated (discharge weighted) samples

Grab sample
Grab samples are single samples collected at a short period of time (usually in seconds or minutes).

Composite samples:
Composite samples can be obtained by combining portions of multiple grab samples or by using specially designed automatic sampling devices. Integrated Samples:
For certain purposes, the information needed is provided best by analysing mixture of grab samples collected from different points simultaneously or as nearly so as possible. This type of sampling is occurs in a river or stream that varies in composition across its width and depth.

CHARACTERISTICS OF WATER
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Turbidity 2. Colour 3. temperature 4. Taste 5. odour

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS

WATER QUALITY

STANDARDS

Indian Council of Medical Research(ICMR)

World Health Organizations (WHO)

United States Public Health Society(USPHS) American Water Works Association(AWWA)

Environmental Hygiene Comittee

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL, STANDARDS (MUD, INDIA)

S.N CHARACTERISTICS ACCEPTABLE PHYSICAL 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 2 3 4 5 1 Turbidity(NTU) Colour (Platinum cobalt scale) Temperature Taste & Odour pH Total solids(mg/l) Total hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l Chloride(as CL) mg/l Sulphate(as SO4) mg/l Fluorides(as F) mg/l Nitrates(as NO3) mg/l Calcium (Ca) mg/l Magnesium (asMg) mg/l Iron (asFe) mg/l Arsenic (as As ) mg/l Cadmium(as Cd) mg/l Lead (as Pb) mg/l Mercury (total Hg) mg/l Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons(PAH) Coliform count per 100ml of water sample 2.5 2.5 100C Unobjectionable CHEMICAL 6.5 500 200 200 200 1.0 45 75 30-120 0.1 TOXIC MATERIALS 0.05 0.01 01 0.001 0.2 g/l 0 0 BACTERIOLOGICAL 0.05 0.01 0.1 0.001 0.2 g/l 8 1500 600 1000 400 1.5 45 200 150 1.0 10 5 150C EXCESS

Access to Safe Water is a

Fundamental Human Need and Therefore a Basic Human Right

But still many parts in the country have acute water problem

WATER BORNE DISEASES

World health organization has observes that 80% of communicable diseases that are transmitted through water. The diseases like cholera, gastroenteritis, typhoid, amoebia, diarrhoea, polio, hepatitis (Jaundice), Leptospirosis, Dracontiasis are caused by bacteria.

Excess of fluorides present in water [ above 1.5 mg/litre] cause diseases like Dental Flurosis, Sketetal Flurosis. This is a permanent irresible disease that weakens the bone structure. The patient becomes immobile and bedridden.

Excess of NITRATES in water causes Mathaemoglobinaemia or blue baby symptoms in infants. It effects the hemoglobin in the blood and reduces its capacity to transport oxygen to the cells.

Nitrates in water are caused by industrial effluents, agricultural runoff.

Toxic ions of chromium, lead, arsenic and pesticides in water cause diseases affecting the kidney, liver and high blood pressure, paralysis, cancer etc.

These toxic substances are due to industrial effluents reaching the surface and ground water sources.