ANSYS Modal Analysis

Module 2
Modal Analysis
Module 2
Modal Analysis
A. Define modal analysis and its purpose.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
B. Discuss associated concepts, terminology, and mode extraction methods. C. Learn how to do a modal analysis in AN ! . D. "or# on one or two modal analysis exercises.
July 22, 2004 Invento ry
Modal Analysis
A. Definition & Purpose

"hat is modal analysis$ A techni%ue used to determine a structure&s 'i(ration characteristics)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Natural fre%uencies Mode shapes Mode participation factors *how much a gi'en mode participates in a gi'en direction+
Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.
Modal Analysis
Definition & Purpose

Benefits of modal analysis
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Allows the design to a'oid resonant 'i(rations or to 'i(rate at a specified fre%uency *spea#ers, for example+. ,i'es engineers an idea of how the design will respond to different types of dynamic loads. -elps in calculating solution controls *time steps, etc.+ for other dynamic analyses.
Recommendation: Because a structure&s 'i(ration characteristics determine how it responds to any type of dynamic load, always perform a modal analysis first before trying any other dynamic analysis.
Modal Analysis
B. Terminology & oncepts

,eneral e%uation of motion)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
} + [ C]{ u } + [ K ]{ u} = { F( t )} [ M ]{ u
Assume free 'i(rations and ignore damping)
} + [ K ]{ u} = { 0} [ M ]{ u
Assume harmonic motion * i.e.
u = U sin(t ) +
([ K ] [ M ]){ u} = {0}
2
.he roots of this e%uation are i2, the eigen'alues, where i ranges from / to num(er of D01. Corresponding 'ectors are 2u3i, the July eigen'ectors.
22, 2004 Invento ry
Modal Analysis
Terminology & oncepts
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
.he s%uare roots of the eigen'alues are i , the structure&s natural circular fre%uencies *radians4sec+. Natural fre%uencies fi are then calculated as fi 5 i 42 ( cycles4sec) . 6t is the natural fre%uencies fi that are input (y the user and output (y AN ! . .he eigen'ectors 2u3i represent the mode shapes 7 the shape assumed (y the structure when 'i(rating at fre%uency fi.
Modal Analysis
Terminology & oncepts !cont."
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode #$traction is the term used to descri(e the calculation of eigen'alues and eigen'ectors. Mode #$pansion has a dual meaning. 1or the reduced method, mode e$pansion means calculating the full mode shapes from the reduced mode shapes. 1or all other methods, mode e$pansion simply means writing mode shapes to the results file.
Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts
Mode #$traction Met&ods

e'eral mode extraction methods are a'aila(le in AN ! )
Bloc# Lanc8os *default+ u(space 9owerDynamics :educed ;nsymmetric Damped *full+ <: Damped
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
"hich method you choose depends primarily on the model si8e *relati'e to your computer resources+ and the particular application.
Mode #$traction Met&ods % Bloc' (anc)os

.he Bloc# Lanc8os method is recommended for most applications.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
=fficient extraction of large num(er of modes *>?@+ in most models .ypically used in complex models with mixture of solids4shells4(eams etc. =fficient extraction of modes in a fre%uency range -andles rigid7(ody modes well
Mode #$traction Met&ods % *ubspace

"hen extracting a small num(er of modes *A>?+ in similar si8e models, the su(space method can (e more suita(le.

Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
:e%uires relati'ely less memory (ut large dis#space May ha'e con'ergence pro(lems when rigid (ody modes are present. Not recommended when constraint e%uations are present. ,enerally superseded (y Bloc# Lanc8os
Mode #$traction Met&ods % Po+erDynamics

1or large */??B@ D01+ models and a small num(er of modes *A 2?+, use the 9owerDynamics method. 6t can (e significantly faster than Bloc# Lanc8os or u(space, (ut)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
:e%uires large amount of memory. May not con'erge with poorly shaped elements or an ill7conditioned matrix. May miss modes *No turm se%uence chec#+ :ecommended only as a last resort for large models.
Mode #$traction Met&ods % Reduced
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
1or models in which lumping mass does not create a local oscillation, typically (eams and spars, use the :educed method.
Memory and dis# re%uirements are low. 6n general fastest eigen sol'er =mploys matri$ reduction, a techni%ue to reduce the si8e of CBD and CMD (y selecting a su(set of D01 called master D01. :eduction of CBD is exact (ut CMD loses some accuracy Accuracy of CMD depends on num(er and location of master D01. ,enerally not recommended due to =xpertise re%uired in pic#ing master D01 =fficient alternati'es such as Bloc# Lanc8os reduced cost of hardware
Mode #$traction Met&ods % -nsymmetric
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
.he unsymmetric method is used for acoustics *with structural coupling+ and other such applications with unsymmetric CBD and CMD.
Calculates complex eigen'alues and eigen'ectors) :eal part is the natural fre%uency. 6maginary part indicates sta(ility 7 negati'e means sta(le, positi'e means unsta(le.
Mode #$traction Met&ods % Damped
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Damping is normally ignored in a modal analysis, (ut if its effects are significant, the Damped method is used.
.ypical application is rotor dynamics, where gyroscopic damping effects are important. .wo AN ! elements, B=AM> and 969=/E, allow gyroscopic effects to (e specified in the form of real constant 96N *rotational speed, radians4time+. Calculates complex eigen'alues and eigen'ectors) 6maginary part is the natural fre%uency. :eal part indicates sta(ility 7 negati'e means sta(le, positi'e means unsta(le.
Modal Analysis % Terminology &
oncepts
Training Manual
Mode #$traction Met&ods % .%R damped
DYNAMICS 8.1
A second mode extraction method that considers damping effects is the <7: Damped method.
1aster and more sta(le than the existing Damped ol'er "or#s with poorly conditioned models All forms of damping allowed including damper elements Com(ines the (est features of the real eigensolution method *Bloc# Lanc8os+ and the Complex -essen(erg method *<: Algorithm+ 0utputs complex eigen'alues * fre%uency and sta(ility+ and damping ratio of each mode upports the use of a material dependent damping ratio CM9,DM9:D in a su(se%uent mode superposition harmonic analysis
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
M0D09.,<:DAM9,NM0D=
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Comparison Demonstrating the uperior olution 9erformance of the <: Damped Mode =xtraction Method
1=A M odel Characteristics) ///,/2F acti'e dofs /? damped modes Alpha, Beta and =lement damping
160000 140000 120000 100000 80000 60000 40000 20000 0 QRDAMP DAMP CPU (sec) ELAPSE (sec)
*ummary for symmetric, undamped sol/ers

=xtraction method Bloc# Lanc8os u(space Linear ol'er ;sed Sparse Matrix (r "ta% S %)er
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
:emar#s Rec !!e"#e# $ r ! st app%icati "s& M st sta'%e& Sta'%e '*t s% +& Re,*ires %ar-e #is. space& /as #i$$ic*%t0 +it1 c "strai"t e,*ati "s 2 ri-i# ' #0 ! #es Sa!e as s*'space '*t +it1 PC3 s %)er& Ca" 1a"#%e )er0 %ar-e ! #e%s& L*!pe# !ass "%0& Ma0 !iss ! #es& M #es ca"" t 'e *se# i" s*'se,*e"t spectr*! a"# PSD a"a%0ses 4" -e"era% $astest& Acc*rac0 #epe"#s " Master D5( se%ecti "& Li!itati "s si!i%ar t S*'space& 6 t rec !!e"#e# #*e t expertise re,*ire# i" se%ecti"- Master D5(7
9owerdynamics PC3 s %)er
:educed
(r "ta% S %)er
Modal Analysis
. Procedure
1our main steps in a modal analysis) Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply (oundary conditions and sol'e :e'iew results
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Modal Analysis Procedure
Build t&e Model

:emem(er densityG
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Linear elements and materials only. Nonlinearities are ignored. ee also Modeling onsiderations in Module /.
&oose Analysis Type & 0ptions

Build the model
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Choose analysis type and options =nter olution and choose modal analysis. Mode extraction optionsH Mode expansion optionsH 0ther optionsH
HDiscussed next

Mode extraction options Met&od: Bloc# Lanc8os recommended for most applications. 1umber of modes: Must (e specified *except :educed method+. 2re3uency range: Defaults to entire range, (ut can (e limited to a desired range *1:=<B to 1:=<=+. *pecification of a fre3uency range re3uires additional factori)ations and it is typically faster to simply re3uest a number of modes +&ic& +ill o/erlap t&e desired range. 1ormali)ation: Discussed next.
defaults to /eI
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1

Normali8ation of mode shapes)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
0nly the shape of the D01 solution has real meaning. 6t is therefore customary to normali8e them for numerical efficiency or user con'enience. Modes are normali8ed either to the mass matrix or to a unit matrix *unity+.
Normali8ation to mass matrix is the default, and is re%uired for a spectrum analysis or if a su(se%uent mode superposition analysis is planned. Choose normali8ation to unity when you want to easily compare relati'e 'alues of displacements throughout the structure. Modes normali8ed to unity cannot (e used in su(se%uent mode July superposition analyses *transient, harmonic, spectrum or random 'i(ration+ 22,
2004 Invento ry

Mode expansion) !ou need to expand mode shapes if you want to do any of the following)
-a'e element stresses calculated. Do a su(se%uent spectrum or mode superposition analysis.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1

Mode expansion *continued+)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Recommendation) Always expand as many modes as the num(er extracted. .he cost of this is minimal.

0ther analysis options) Lumped mass matrix
Mainly used for slender (eams and thin shells, or for wa'e propagation pro(lems. Automatically chosen for 9owerDynamics method.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
9re7stress effects
1or 9re7stressed modal analysis *discussed later+.
1ull damping
;sed only if Damped mode extraction method is chosen. Damping ratio, alpha damping, and (eta damping are allowed. B=AM> and 969=/E also allow gyroscopic damping.
<: damping
All types of damping are allowed.
Apply B 4s and *ol/e

Build the model Choose analysis type and options
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Apply (oundary conditions and sol'e Displacement constraints: Discussed next. #$ternal loads: 6gnored since free 'i(rations are assumed. -owe'er, AN ! creates a load 'ector which you can use in a su(se%uent mode superposition analysis. *ol/e: Discussed next.

Displacement constraints) Apply as necessary, to simulate actual fixity.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
:igid (ody modes will (e calculated in directions not constrained. Non78ero displacements are not allowed.
... Apply B 4s and *ol/e

Displacement constraints *continued+) Be careful with symmetry ymmetry BC&s will only produce symmetrically shaped modes, so some modes can (e missed.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
1ull Model
ymmetry BC
Anti7 ymmetry BC

Displacement constraints *continued+)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
1or the plate7with7hole model, the lowest non78ero mode for the full and the %uarter7symmetry case is shown (elow. .he JK7-8 mode was missed (y the anti7symmetry case (ecause :0.L is non78ero along the symmetry (oundaries.

ol'e) .ypically one load step. Multiple load steps can (e used to study the effect of different displacement constraints *symmetry BC in one load step and anti7symmetry BC in another, for example+.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Re/ie+ Results
Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply (oundary conditions and sol'e
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
:e'iew results using 90 ./, the general postprocessor List natural fre%uencies Miew mode shapes :e'iew participation factors :e'iew modal stresses
Re/ie+ Results
Listing natural fre%uencies)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Choose N:ead :esults O By 9ic#P in the ,eneral 9ostproc menu. Notice that each mode is stored in a separate su(step.
Re/ie+ Results
Miewing mode shapes) 1irst read in results for the desired mode using 1irst et, Next et, or By Load tep. .hen plot the deformed shape) General Postproc > Plot Results > Deformed Shape Notice that the graphics legend shows mode num(er * ;B 5 + and the fre%uency *1:=< 5 +.
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Re/ie+ Results
Miewing mode shapes *continued+)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
!ou can also animate the mode shape) Utility Menu > PlotCtrls > Animate > Mode Shape...
Re/ie+ Results
9articipation 1actors) Calculated for each mode in glo(al translation and rotation directions
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
-igh 'alue in a direction indicates that the mode will (e excited (y forces in that direction Malues are relati'e (ased on a unit displacement spectrum .he final participation factor 'alue *:0.Q+ can (e retrie'ed into a parameter using H,=. command. A spectrum analysis with a specified direction * =D,?,/,?+ could (e used to o(tain other 'alues Also printed out *to the output file+ is the effecti'e mass. 6deally the sum of the effecti'e masses in each direction should e%ual total mass of structure =ffecti'e Mass 5 *participation factor+2
Re/ie+ Results
Modal stresses)
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
A'aila(le if element stress calculation is acti'ated when choosing analysis options. tress 'alues ha'e no real meaning, howe'er these can (e used to highlight hot spots 6f mode shapes are normali8ed to unity, you can compare stresses at different points for a gi'en mode shape
Re/ie+ Results
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
Mode shapes normali8ed to unity
Modal Analysis
Procedure
Build the model Choose analysis type and options Apply (oundary conditions and sol'e :e'iew results
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
D. 5or's&op % Modal Analysis

.his wor#shop consists of two pro(lems) 6. Modal analysis of a plate +it& a &ole
Training Manual
DYNAMICS 8.1
A step7(y7step description of how to do the analysis. !ou may choose to run this pro(lem yourself, or your instructor may show it as a demonstration. 1ollow the instructions in your Dynamics 5or's&op supplement * 5*2: Modal Analysis % Plate +it& a 7ole, Page 5*%68 +.
2. Modal analysis of a model airplane +ing

.his is left as an exercise to you. 1ollow the instructions in your Dynamics 5or's&op supplement * 5*9: Modal Analysis % Model Airplane 5ing, Page 5*%29 +.

ANSYS Modal Analysis

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Module 2

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

A. Definition & Purpose

Most fundamental of all the dynamic analysis types.

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Definition & Purpose

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

B. Terminology & oncepts

22, 2004 Invento ry

Terminology & oncepts

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Terminology & oncepts !cont."

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % Bloc' (anc)os

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % *ubspace

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % Po+erDynamics

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % Reduced

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % -nsymmetric

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % Damped

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology &

Mode #$traction Met&ods % .%R damped

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % .%R damped

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

Mode #$traction Met&ods % .%R damped

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis % Terminology & oncepts

*ummary for symmetric, undamped sol/ers

9owerdynamics PC3 s %)er

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis Procedure

Build t&e Model

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis Procedure

&oose Analysis Type & 0ptions

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis Procedure

&oose Analysis Type & 0ptions

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis Procedure

&oose Analysis Type & 0ptions

Modal Analysis Procedure

&oose Analysis Type & 0ptions

July 22, 2004 Invento ry

Modal Analysis Procedure