Water basesd tourism sport and laisure

In the half of XXth century and the early years of XXIth century there has been a significant growth in the pursuit of waterbased experience as forms of sport, leisure, recreation and tourism

 Types of water related sports:

Boating Scuba diving Sport fishing Motorized water-sports Sailing Surfing Windsurfing Kayaking Rafting

Definition of term
WATER BASED TOURISM: relates to any touristic activity undertaken in the relation to water sources such as lakes, dams, canals, creeks, rivers, waterways, costal zones, seas, oceans and ice-associated areas

Determination of participant rates

It is problematic because: Some activities are not required to report participation Some activities are independent in nature and there is no need for reporting Equipment purchase are not a sound basis for prediction (some equipment may be lent, shared, rented, resold) Legislation does not require activities to be registered Club membership only reflects those who are affiliated Ambiguity exists in definitions of tourism, sport, leisure and recreation

Theoretical concepts
Theory of Chikszentmihalyi s flow or optimal arousal The need for challenge can be deconstructed as a need for self-actualization The challenge is a result of personal goal settings in a water-based experience with or without a varying degree of technological support Adventure is associated with pushing beyond a personal comfort zone with testing personal ability

Theoretical concepts
Chikszentmihalyis theory of flow or optimal arousal Developed from a work of Maslow, specifically from the notion of process and product outcomes of behaviour Chikszentmihalyi was interested in understanding the nature of intrinsic motivation especially activities that elicit peak experience

Abraham Maslow, A Theory of Human Motivation (1943)

Maslow s piramyd

Theoretical concepts
Chikszentmihalyi identified several dimensions of flow:

intense involvement deep concentration, clarity of goals and feedback loss of a sense of time lack of self consciousness

Sailing and Cruising

MOTIVATIONS: A pursuit of freedom and a need to escape Challenge and adventure in an unfamiliar environment Relationship with partners, family members, spouses, friends A desire to travel A dream-goal seeking

DISADVANTAGES:
1. limited flexibility to change plans due to planning logistics and permissions 2. Predominant access to the edge of destinations due to costal cruising routes 3. Limited interaction with the locals 4. Boat safety issues 5. Seaesickness

ADVANTEGES: a. achieving access to the back regions of society and culture b. traveling with your home c. greater interaction between hosts and guests

Impacts of Sailing and Cruising

Positive:
Increased understanding between people Extension of friendship network Engagement in cultural exchange
Negative: Occurrence and development of social pathology (petty theft, robbery, physical abuse) Cultural commodification (cultural transfer)

Motorboating
Motorboating is one of the oldest type of human leisure activity tied to the history of sailing. Both are derived from the development of boat technology from the earlier propulsion using poling, paddling and rowing

ADVANTAGES: DISADVANTAGES:
1. 2. 3. 4. Increasing costs of fuel Storage issues Weather dependency for usage Safety issues, accidents and conflicts between users 5. Popular sites leading to perception of crowding and congestion 6. Difficulties with participation when local and easy accessible area are limited or nonexistent 7. Disturbance of ecosystems

a. Access to suitable facilities to support boating experience b. Various water and boating rules and regulations c. Presence of rangers, police to ensure compliance with safety, rules and regulations d. Travels to compete in races outside home environment e. Opportunities to engage in touristic activities other than boating

Impacts of Boating
Positive:
significant impact on quality of life of participants by providing them with opportunities to recreate, spent time with family, friends Possibility to appreciate and understand nature Possibility to develop skills and knowledge regarding boating as a tourism, leisure and recreation experience Negative: User conflicts Perception of congestion and crowding

Impact of motorized watercrafts

Direct physical stress on aquatic organism: a. Impact by propeller leading edge b. Impact of hull parts c. Propeller generated turbulance d. Propeller botton scouring e. Animal disturbance f. Noise pollution Negative impact on physical environment: 1. Hydrocarbon increase 2. Boat engine emission 3. Leaching of toxics 4. Spills during fuelling opperations 5. Bank vegetation damage 6. Erosion of riverbanks 7. Carrying capacity on environmental effects Impact on human leisure experience: 1. Noise disturbance 2. Crowding 3. Fumes 4. Safety 5. Conflict of fast versus slow moving watercrafts 6. Conflicts with other leisure interests

Biological effects of pollutants: 1. Thermal loading 2. Increase turbidity 3. Disrupt water stratification

Surfing and windsurfing

The surfing was invented in Hawai, but the evolution is uncertain prior the arrival of the europeans. By comparison, windsurfing is a comparatively young sport in that is has a history of little more than four decades. One of the major appeal of both surfing and windsurfing is the potential that each provides for a sense of a union with the forces of the nature. For many of its participants, it is this fact that causes them to regard power-based water activities like jet skiing as lesser sport being noisy, polluting a.s.o. The adrenaline high of surfing the big one or sailing in high wind is for many a quintessetial fulfilment of the concept of flow

Csikszentmihalyi define the flow experience as one of the complete involvment of the actor with his activity

Scuba diving, snorkeling and free diving

Scuba diving, snorkeling and free diving are three waterbased experience that access the marine environment using different approach, equipment and technoque. Snorkeling and free diving use less equipment (mask, the snorkel and fins for propulsion) Free diving is sometimes described as breath-holding diving and was traditionally

Scuba diving, snorkeling and free diving

Disadvantages: Long-term training Basic open-water knowledge (sea currents, breathing techniques, dangerous marine life) Rescue skills in case of accidents Scuba diving restrict the participants The investment in term of time and costs for training and education is reduced for free divers and snorkelers

Advantages:
Snorkeling is something that anyone can do The investment in term of time and costs for training and education is reduced for free divers and snorkelers Has encouraged the growth of underwater photography as a popular hobby

Scuba diving, snorkeling and free diving

For those involved in maintaining aspects of recreational diving and snorkeling, chalenges ahead include ability to provide a:

High level of safety Low level of risk Quality dive location Competitive services Quality experience

Whitewater rafting
Whitewater rafting offers adventure during trips to face fate by running the dangerous rapids as well as surviving the uncertainty of life in the river wildness.

Wildwater rafting involves manouvering a boat down a river through a number of rapids

Rapid rating scale

International scale Technical description Flat water I II III IV Easy, small waves, clear passage. No serious obstacle Medium, rapids of moderate difficulty with passages clear Difficult, numerous waves, high irregular, rocks, requiring expertise in maneuvering Very difficult, long rapids, waves powerful, irregular, dangerous rocks, powerful and precise maneuvering required Extremely difficult, exceedingly difficult, long and violent rapids, following each other almost without interruption, riverbed extremely obstructed, big drops, violent currents Unrunable Western scale 0 1, 2 3, 4 5, 6 7, 8

9, 10

VI/U

Kayaking
Kayaking is the use of a kayak for moving across water. Kayaking and canoeing are also known as paddling. Kayaking is distinguished from cenoeing by the sitting position of the paddler and the number of blades on the paddle. A kayak is defined by the International Canoe Federation (the world sanctioning body) as a boat where the paddler faces forward, legs in front, using a double-bladed paddle. Most kayaks have closed decks, although "sit-ontop" kayaks are growing in popularity, as are inflatable kayaks which come without decks but which have air chambers surrounding the boat.

Types of kaiaking
Whitewater kayaking involves taking a kayak down rapids and waterfalls Sea kayaking also referred to as ocean kayaking or touring, involves taking kayaks out on to the ocean or sea or other open water such as a lake. It can involve short paddles with a return to the starting point (or "put-in"), or expeditions covering many miles and days. Kayaking of all kinds has become more popular through the 1990s and early 21st century.

Kayaks Classification
Kayaks are classified by their use. There are eight primary classifications: polo, slalom, whitewater, surf, touring/expedition, light touring/day tripping, sprint/racing general recreation

Sport fishing
Sport fishing, also called Recreational fishing, is fishing for pleasure or competition.

It can be contrasted with commercial fishing, which is fishing for profit, or subsistence fishing, which is fishing for survival.

Sport fishing
The most common form of recreational fishing is done with a rod, reel, line, hooks and any one of a wide range of baits. Lures are frequently used in place of bait. Some hobbyists make handmade tackle themselves, including plastic lures and artificial lures. The practice of catching or attempting to catch fish with a hook is known as angling.

Sport fishing
Big game fishing is conducted from boats to catch large open-water species such as tuna, sharks and marlin. Noodling and trout tickling are also recreational activities. One method of growing popularity is kayak fishing. Kayaks are stealthy and allow anglers to reach areas not fishable from land or by conventional boat.

Sustainability of water-based touristic activities

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