A PRESENTATION BY AINUN JARIYAH & NETI

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STARRING: DEIXIS INDEXICALS REFERENCE CONTEXT COMMON GROUND DEICTIC CENTRE INDEXICALITY LANGUAGE EVOLUTION

Please do not enter the dining room unless you are going to eat there.

KCR line (overground) MTR line (underground)

The next station is Kowloon Tong. Passengers may change there for MTR trains

KCR country boys line

The next station is Kowloon Tong. Passengers should change here for KCR trains

MTR the line of the city slickers

Approaching Kowloon Tong is a different experience on the two railway networks.

The use of word local. Nunberg calls local contextual (1993: 36) because sometimes it requires knowledge of context (it is used indexically) and sometimes it doesnt (it is used intrinsically).

New York murder local man arrested

Intrinsic Use: If we expect the man arrested is from New York. Indexical Use: If we expect the man arrested is from whichever town the newspaper was printed in. The answer partly depends on the newspaper. If the newspaper is a strictly local newspaper, so we use deictic interpretation. If the newspaper is a national newspaper, we might expect the intrinsic interpretation. If its London Times, we expect the man is an American rather than British.

In Hongkong, the use of local is almost always deictic.

The use of deictics in a community or area tells you about the culture

At country bus terminal in Hongkong

Last bus had departed

This section of the platform had been cordoned off. Sorry for any inconvenience caused. Vivien Lok Station Manager

KCR Station

The lane was closed temporarily

We would expect the use of Present tense rather than Past tense.

The lane was closed temporarily

The use of Present tense implies that whoever wrote the sign has some responsibility for the message it conveys they have put the sign up because they have closed the platform and started to mend the road. But the Hongkong cases, (the use of Past), seem to imply that the event reported has occurred before the notice is displayed, thus disassociating the writer of the notice from responsibility for causing the inconvenience.

Nondeictic
you wash and you soak it for about two hours and apart from that one other thing that we like especially the Chinese kong shin chong [leaf-wrapped steamed dumplings] is that we we like to have the shelled green beans right and you take about uh half

Exclusive deictic

Annie shows two kinds of affiliation: affiliation with her overhearing audience (with the non-deictic) and affiliation to the Chinese community (with the exclusive deictic).

.
Referent
Linked to indexical

Context

Pragmatic

Language is not just an autonomous or selfcontained phenomenon but that aspects of context are organized as grammatical systems.

A: There are two of us here who. B: There are two of you out there .

Different deictic center

A: I love you B: I love you

There are perspectives in common ground that influence the use of indexical. The common ground perspective can change the deictic center may change. > projection

Why dont you want to come to the cinema with me?

Will said, Why dont you want to come to the cinema with me? Will asked why I didnt want to come to the cinema with him. Will complained that I didnt want to go to the cinema with him.

Partly projected

Fully projected

Unmarked deictic center

Because of the role of the assumed knowledge, indexicals are semantically deficient token. They have limited lack- descriptive power. In English, only third person singular pronouns are marked for gender and it is usually used anaphorically, not deictically.

Many place and time deictic adverbials are reduction of preposition (deficient).
Deictic up down above below in front behind Non-deictic up the hill down the pipe, down a rabbit hole above John, above the water-line below the window in front of Mary, in front of the children behind my house (not behind the tree, behind the Rover, which are deictic)

Hanks (1992: 47) viewed that deictics constitute key points of juncture between grammar and context.
England will win the World Cup England won the World Cup Encodes two moments in time :

The deictic center

The time referred to

Because England had won the World Cup in 1966, there were granted an automatic place in the 1970 finals. 3 overt points in time The time of utterance

The time of first event referred to The time of second event referred to

Past perfect

Because England had won the World Cup in 1966, there were granted an automatic place in the 1970 finals.
Past they were granted an automatic place in the 1970 finals, but were knocked out by Germany who came from behind to win. Past This time is the deictic origo for 1966

Im reading now

3 different time types Discourse time as a whole

Time of the utterance Time of the event

Shall I go in front? Do go ahead

in + front a + head

Most languages designate some proximal locations as though they were extensions of our bodies. It involves body parts.

behind, back, left-hand side, etc.

bodily experience

the way we conceptualize phenomena like location

Spatial deictics are also used to index temporal phenomena. We extend the use of spatial deictics (physical) to the non-physical temporal domain. The past: behind, up to now, over, ago, before, The future: ahead, to come, from now, onwards, next <year>, this <Monday> , tomorrow, etc.

Evolution of deictics:
Nongestural time deixis

Person indexicals

Place indexicals

Discourse deixis

Evolution of Language:

gesture and accompanying linguistic sign

Indexical signs as pointers to discourse antecedent