Chemical Reactions

Rearranging Atoms Forming New Compounds

Chemical Reactions
Chemical reaction- two or more substances join together to produce new substances

Chemical Reactions
Antoine Lavoisier was a French scientist who studied chemical reactions. He discovered that mass is always conserved in a reaction. In other words, the amount of atoms on one side of the equation has to equal the amount on the other side.

 In order to tell a reaction is happening, we look for indicators. Color Heat smEll Mass noIse preCipitate gAs Light

Chemical Reactions

Chemical Reactions
Chemical Equations
Represent a chemical reaction in symbols Show how atoms rearrange during a reaction
All equations are written in the same way:

A+BC+D
Reactants Yields
Starting materials

Products
Ending materials

Chemical Reactions
Equations are made of compounds (element symbols), reaction symbols, and numbers in front of the compounds and behind the compounds.

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

Coefficient- number in front of a compound that shows how many molecules are present

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

Chemical Reactions
Balancing Equations
Elements must be equal on both sides

Zn(s) + S(s) ZnS(s)

Never change anything except the coefficients. Subscripts cannot be changed.

2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

Chemical Reactions
Draw a line through the arrow to separate the sides

Fe(s) + Br2(l)

FeBr3(s)

Balance one element at a time Balance O and H last

C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

Coefficients are multiplied by anything in the formula

2NaCl = 2 Na and 2 Cl

Chemical Reactions
Types of Reactions
1. Synthesis- joining two elements together to make one compound

2K(s) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(s) C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g)

Chemical Reactions
Types of Reactions
2. Decomposition- breaking one compound apart into two or more elements

2H2O(l) 2H2(g) + O2(g) C12H22O11(s) 12C(s) + 11H2O(g)

Chemical Reactions
Types of Reactions
3. Single Replacement- a single element replaces one part of a compound

Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq) Mg(s) + H2O(l) H2(g) + MgO(s)

Chemical Reactions
Types of Reactions
4. Double Replacement- similar parts of two compounds switch places

HCl + NaOH HOH + NaCl 2KI + Pb(NO3)2 PbI2 + 2KNO3

Chemical Reactions
Reaction Rate
Chemical reactions occur at different speeds.
Baking soda and vinegar Decomposition of carbon compounds

Some reactions take fractions of a second to finish and others can take millions of years.
Ignition of trinitrotoluene Half-life decay

Chemical Reactions
There are several things that affect how fast a reaction can take place:
Types of substances
Certain substances will not react quickly because of differences in their structures

Temperature
Heating a mixture of reactants usually speeds up the process

Chemical Reactions
Agitation
Stirring a mixture of reactants causes them to come into contact with each other more often and speeds up the reaction

Surface area
Crushing a substance gives more space for the substance to react

Chemical Reactions
Concentration If there is more of a substance present, it is easier for it to react Catalysts Substances added to a chemical reaction to speed it up (are not used up in the reaction and do not alter the reacting substances in any way)

Chemical Reactions
Equilibrium
The point where opposite changes are happening at the same time at the same speed Most life processes will move in a way to get to equilibrium.

Chemical Reactions
Dynamic equilibrium
Particles can move around without affecting the overall situation

Chemical Reactions
Henri Louis LeChtelier developed LeChteliers Principle:
If a system is at equilibrium and a condition is changed, the system will increase the opposing condition to move back to equilibrium.

Chemical Reactions
There are several things that affect an equilibrium system:
1. Adding more reactant
Shifts the equilibrium toward the products (more to react)

2. Adding more product

Shifts the equilibrium toward the reactants (more to react on the product side)

Chemical Reactions
3. Increasing pressure (only for gases)
Usually shifts toward the product where there are less amounts. Used in the HaberBausch process for making ammonia- one of the most important chemical reactions in manufacturing

4. Changing the temperature

Compare it to a change in concentration H2O(l) + heat H2O(g)

Chemical Reactions
5. Formation of a Gas
Shifts equilibrium heavily to the products because the product is being removed

6. Formation of a Precipitate
Shifts the equilibrium heavily to the products because the product is being removed

Chemical Reactions
7. Adding a common ion
Sometimes a substance will break apart into ions, or ionize. When a substance that contains the same ion as the reacting compound is added, the equilibrium shifts toward the reactants. This can sometimes be tested by testing the pH of the solution.