CONTENTS

• DEFINITION
• PROPERTIES AND DESCRIPTION
• CHARACTERISTICS
• FABRICATION
• APPLICATIONS
• CONNECTIONS
• YIELD ANALYSIS
• INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES
• DESIGN
 STEEL
• ALLOY OF IRON AND CARBON IN
WHICH THE CARBON CONTENT
RANGES UP TO 2 PERCENT .
• BY FAR THE MOST WIDELY USED
MATERIAL FOR BUILDING THE
WORLD'S INFRASTRUCTURE AND
INDUSTRIES, IT IS USED TO
FABRICATE EVERYTHING FROM
SEWING NEEDLES TO OIL TANKERS.
 HOT ROLLED STEEL
• THE ROLLING OF HOT STRIP BEGINS WITH A SLAB,
WHICH IS INSPECTED AND, IF NECESSARY,
SURFACE CLEANED EITHER MANUALLY OR BY
SCARFING MACHINES WITH OXYACETYLENE
TORCHES. THE SLABS ARE THEN PUSHED, OR
WALKED ON THEIR BROADSIDE, THROUGH GAS-
FIRED FURNACES THAT HAVE A HEARTH
DIMENSION OF ABOUT 13 METRES BY 30 METRES.
IN A PUSHER-TYPE FURNACE, THE SLABS SLIDE
ON WATER-COOLED SKIDS, AND, EACH TIME A
NEW SLAB IS CHARGED, A HEATED SLAB DROPS
THROUGH A DISCHARGE DOOR ONTO A ROLLER
TABLE. IN WALKING-BEAM FURNACES, SEVERAL
WALKING BEAMS LIFT THE WORKPIECES FROM
THE HEARTH, MOVE THEM FORWARD, AND SET
THEM BACK DOWN IN A SERIES OF RECTANGULAR
MOVEMENTS. PREHEATING TEMPERATURE, AS
WITH SLABS AND PLATES, IS ABOUT 1,250° C.
 COLD ROLLED STEEL
• THE ROLLING OF COLD STRIP BEGINS WITH THE
RETRIEVAL OF HOT-ROLLED STRIP FROM A COIL
STORAGE YARD, WHICH OFTEN USES FULLY
AUTOMATED CRANES FOR SETTING AND
RETRIEVING COILS ACCORDING TO ROLLING
SCHEDULES. THE COILS ARE FIRST DESCALED IN
CONTINUOUS PICKLE LINES, WHICH ARE
DISCUSSED BELOW (SEE TREATING OF STEEL:
SURFACE TREATING: PICKLING). THE CLEANED
AND OILED COILS ARE FED INTO A COLD-
REDUCTION MILL, WHICH IS USUALLY A TANDEM
MILL OF FOUR TO SIX FOUR-HIGH STANDS WITH
AN UNCOILING REEL AT THE ENTRY AND A
RECOILING REEL AT THE EXIT.
• WHEN ROLLING FROM, FOR EXAMPLE, 2
MILLIMETRES TO 0.3 MILLIMETRE, THE COLD
REDUCTION IS USUALLY 35 PERCENT ON THE
FIRST STANDS AND 15 PERCENT ON THE FINAL
STAND. THE EXIT SPEED IS NORMALLY HIGH,
OFTEN 100 KILOMETRES (60 MILES) PER HOUR, IN
ORDER TO ACHIEVE PROPER PRODUCTION RATES
WITH SUCH SMALL CROSS SECTIONS. SINCE THE
STRIP TEMPERATURE MAY GO AS HIGH AS 200° C
(390° F), PROPER COOLING OF STRIP AND ROLLS
IS ESSENTIAL. HEAVY-DUTY LUBRICANTS ARE
ALSO USED TO MINIMIZE FRICTION IN THE ROLL
GAP.
Cold roll forming machine.
 METHODS OF FORMING

• 1. Cold roll forming

• 2. Press brake operation

• 3. Bending brake operation

Size ranges of typical roll-formed
structural shapes.
 DESCRIPTION AND
PROPERTIES OF
HOT ROLLED STEEL
AND
COLD ROLLED STEEL
ACCORDING TO IISI
VARIOUS SECTIONS OF
COLD FORMED STEEL
• As compared with thicker hot-rolled shapes, cold-formed
light members can be manufactured for relatively light
loads and/or short spans.

• Unusual sectional configurations can be produced

economically by cold-forming operations and
consequently favorable strengthto- weight ratios can be
obtained.

• Nestable sections can be produced, allowing for

compact packaging and shipping.

• Load-carrying panels and decks can provide useful

surfaces for floor,roof, and wall construction, and in other
cases they can also provide enclosed cells for electrical
and other conduits.
• Load-carrying panels and decks not only
withstand loads normal to their surfaces,
but they can also act as shear diaphragms
to resist force in their own planes if they
are adequately interconnected to each
other and to supporting members.
 Compared with other materials
such as timber and concrete, the
following
qualities can be realized for cold-
formed steel structural
.
members
• 1. Lightness
• 2. High strength and stiffness
• 3. Ease of prefabrication and mass
production
• 4. Fast and easy erection and installation
• 5. Substantial elimination of delays due to
weather
• 6. More accurate detailing
• 7. Nonshrinking and noncreeping at ambient
temperatures
• 8. Formwork unneeded
• 9. Termite-proof and rotproof
• 10. Uniform quality
• 11. Economy in transportation and handling
• 12. Noncombustibility
• 13. Recyclable material
Composite truss-panel system
used in World Trade Center
Building,
 Placement of prefabricated
composite floor panel section in World
Trade Center Building.
 Cold-formed steel joists used
together with hot-rolled shapes
Cold-formed steel sections used in
space frames
Cold-formed steel sections used in
space frames
 TYPES OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL SECTIONS AND THEIR
APPLICATIONS

• 1. Individual structural framing

members

• 2. Panels and decks

Cold-formed sections used in
structural framing
Building composed entirely of cold-
formed steel sections.
Decks, panels and corrugated
sheets.
Numerical and experimental investigation
on bolted moment connections in cold-
formed steel sections
 Investigation on efficient beam-
column connections in cold-formed
steel structures scaffolds
Experimental investigation
on lapped moment
 Self-piercing Rivet (SPR)
Connections:
• SPR connections consist of the joining of two or
more sheets of cold-formed steel with a rivet that
is installed with proprietary tools, without a
drilled or punched hole in the steel. The
connection is formed by driving the rivet into the
steel sheets, piercing the top layer or layers of
steel sheets, with the rivet flaring, under the
influence of a die under the of sheets, into the
bottom layer without penetrating through the
bottom layer.
SEQUENTIAL FORMATION OF A
TYPICAL SPR CONNECTION
CLINCHED CONNECTIONS
Cold-formed steel members used in
space grid system.
Cold-formed steel members used in
a 100 3 220 3 30-ft (30.5 3 67.1
3 9.2-m) triodetic arch.
Hangar-type arch structures using
cold-formed steel sections.
Rack Structures.
Cold-formed steel panels used in
folded-plate roof.
Superbay hangar for American
Airlines Boeing 747s in Los
Angeles.
Arched roof curved at job site.
METHODS OF FORMING