CPE 232 Computer Organization MIPS Arithmetic Part I

Dr. Gheith Abandah [Adapted from the slides of Professor Mary Irwin (www.cse.psu.edu/~mji) which in turn Adapted from Computer Organization and Design, Patterson & Hennessy, 2005, UCB]

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

MIPS Number Representations

32-bit signed numbers (2s complement):

0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000two = 0ten 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001two = + 1ten ... 0111 0111 1000 1000 ... 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1111 1111 0000 0000 1110two 1111two 0000two 0001two = = = = + +

maxint

2,147,483,646ten 2,147,483,647ten 2,147,483,648ten 2,147,483,647ten

MSB

1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110two = 2ten 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111two = 1ten

minint

LSB

Converting <32-bit values into 32-bit values

copy the most significant bit (the sign bit) into the empty bits 0010 -> 0000 0010 1010 -> 1111 1010 sign extend versus zero extend (lb vs. lbu)
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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

MIPS Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)

Must support the Arithmetic/Logic operations of the ISA

add, addi, addiu, addu
sub, subu, neg mult, multu, div, divu sqrt
B 32 A 32

zero ovf

1
1

ALU 32 4 m (operation)

result

and, andi, nor, or, ori, xor, xori beq, bne, slt, slti, sltiu, sltu

With special handling for

sign extend addi, addiu andi, ori, xori, slti, sltiu zero extend lbu, addiu, sltiu no overflow detected addu, addiu, subu, multu, divu, sltiu, sltu
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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

Review: 2s Complement Binary Representation

-23 =

Negate

-(23 - 1) =

1011 and add a 1 1010 complement all the bits

Note: negate and invert are different!

23 - 1 =

2sc binary 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 0000 0001 0010 0011 0100 0101 0110 0111

decimal -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

Binary Addition

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

Review: A Full Adder

carry_in
A 0 0 B 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 carry_in 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 carry_out 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 S 0 1 1 0 1 0 0

A B

1-bit Full Adder carry_out

0 1 1 1

S = A B carry_in

(odd parity function)

carry_out = A&B | A&carry_in | B&carry_in (majority function)

How can we use it to build a 32-bit adder?

How can we modify it easily to build an adder/subtractor?

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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

A 32-bit Ripple Carry Adder/Subtractor

Remember 2s complement is just

add/sub A0 B0 A1

c0=carry_in 1-bit FA c1 1-bit FA c2 1-bit FA c3 ... S0

complement all the bits

B0 if control = 0, !B0 if control = 1

control (0=add,1=sub) B0

B1 A2

S1

S2

add a 1 in the least significant bit 0111 + 1001 1 1 0001

B2

A 0111 B - 0110 0001

c31 A31 B31 1-bit FA S31

c32=carry_out
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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

Overflow Detection

Overflow: the result is too large to represent in 32 bits Overflow occurs when

adding two positives yields a negative or, adding two negatives gives a positive or, subtract a negative from a positive gives a negative or, subtract a positive from a negative gives a positive

On your own: Prove you can detect overflow by:

Carry into MSB xor Carry out of MSB, ex for 4 bit signed numbers
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 7 3 6 + 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 4 5 7

0 1

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

Tailoring the ALU to the MIPS ISA

Need to support the logic operations (and,nor,or,xor)

Bit wise operations (no carry operation involved) Need a logic gate for each function, mux to choose the output Use subtraction to determine if (a b) < 0 (implies a < b) Copy the sign bit into the low order bit of the result, set remaining result bits to 0

Need to support the set-on-less-than instruction (slt)

Need to support test for equality (bne, beq)

Again use subtraction: (a - b) = 0 implies a = b Additional logic to nor all result bits together

Immediates are sign extended outside the ALU with wiring (i.e., no logic needed)
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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

MIPS ALU

Least-significant bits
Function and or add sub slt Bnegate 0 0 0 1 1 Operation 00 01 10 10 11

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

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MIPS ALU

Most-significant bit

Function and or add sub slt

Bnegate 0 0 0 1 1

Operation 00 01 10 10 11
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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

MIPS ALU

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

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Improving Addition Performance

The ripple-carry adder is slow

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

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Carry-Lookahead Adder

Need fast way to find the carry

Carry-Lookahead Circuit

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

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Carry-Lookahead Adder

Carry generate and carry propagate ai 0 0 1 1 bi 0 1 0 1 gi 0 0 0 1 pi 0 1 1 1

gi = ai . bi pi = ai + bi

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

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Carry-Lookahead Adder
Carry Equations:
c1 = g0 + p0c0

c2 = g1 + p1c1 = g1 + p1g0 + p1p0c0

c3 = g2 + p2c2 = g2 + p2g1 + p2p1g0 + p2p1p0c0

c4 = g3 + p3c3 = g3 + p3g2 + p3p2g1 + p3p2p1g0 + p3p2p1p0c0

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CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

4-bit Carry-Lookahead Adder

c0 c4 g0 p0 c3 c2 c1 a0 b0

s0

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

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Larger Carry-Lookahead Adders

P = p0p1p2p3

G = g3 + g2p3 + g1p2p3 + g0p1p2p3

CPE 232 MIPS Arithmetic

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