POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Viren B. Pandya

OUTLINE
System security and reliability

Illustrative example
Classification of power system states and actions to be taken

POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Power system security is the ability of the system to provide electricity with the appropriate quality under normal and disturbance conditions

In
In

security
power

applications,
system

we

refer

to

the

disturbances of interest as contingencies operations, security assessment analyzes the vulnerability of the system to a set of postulated contingencies on a

real-time or near-real-time basis

POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Reliability of a power system refers to the probability of its satisfactory operation over the long run. It denotes the ability to supply adequate electric service on a nearly continuous basis, with few interruptions over an extended time period. - IEEE Paper on Terms & Definitions, 2004

Reliability has two components

Security is the ability of the electric systems to withstand sudden disturbances such as electric short circuits or unanticipated loss of system elements. Security of a power system refers to the degree of risk in its ability to survive imminent disturbances (contingencies) without interruption of customer service. It relates to robustness of the system to imminent disturbances and, hence, depends on the system operating condition as well as the contingent probability of disturbances. (IEEE TermsDefs-04) Adequacy is the ability of the electric systems to supply the aggregate electrical demand and energy requirements of their customers at all times, taking into account scheduled and reasonably expected unscheduled outage of system elements.

An operators view of security

Security

Overload Security Voltage Security

Angle/ Frequency security

Transformer Overload

Line Overload

Low Voltage

Unstable Voltage

Frequency instability

Rotor angle instability

Static security

Dynamic security

POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Power system security is broken into three major functions being done at control centre: System monitoring

Contingency analysis
Security constrained optimal power flow System monitoring is done by SCADA and state estimator at central computer Contingency analysis gives results for different

known outages to operate system defensively

POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Several contingencies can be solved by power flow programs and real time data and state estimations

Security constrained OPF: Here contingency

analysis is combined with OPF which seeks to make changes optimal dispatches of generation so that when security analysis is run, no contingency results in violations.

POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Operating states of power system: Optimal dispatch: prior to contingency, OPF is run but system may not be secure

Post contingency: after contingency, security

violation i.e. line or Xmer beyond its flow limit or bus voltage outside limit Secure dispatch: no contingency outages, but corrections to operating parameters to

account for security violations

POWER SYSTEM SECURITY

Conti. Secure post contingency: state of system when contingency is applied to base operating

condition with correction

Example
Line max loadability is 400 MW 250 MW
250 MW 500 MW Unit 1 1200 MW Optimal Dispatch 700 MW Unit 2

Example

500 MW 500 MW Unit 1 1200 MW 700 MW Unit 2

Post contingency

Example

200 MW
200 MW 400 MW Unit 1 1200 MW 800 MW Unit 2

Secure dispatch

Example

400 MW 400 MW Unit 1 1200 MW 800 MW Unit 2

Secure post contingency state

Example
Thus by adjusting generation on unit 1 and 2 we have prevented post contingency operating

state from getting overloaded. This is called

security correction. The programs which can make control adjustments to the base or pre-contingency operation to prevent violations in the post-

contingency conditions are called Security

Constrained Optimal Power Flows or SCOPF

Example
These programs can take account of many contingencies and calculate adjustments to

generator

MW,

generator

voltages,

transformer taps, interchange etc.

Security-related decisions
Time-frame On-line assessment Decision maker Operator Decision How to constrain the economic operation to Basis for decision Operating rules, on-line assessment,

(min-hours)
Operational planning (hrs-months) Analyst

maintain the normal state ?

What should be the operating rules ?

and Rs
Minimum operating criteria, reliability, and Rs

Planning

Analyst

How to reinforce/maintain

Reliability criteria

(months-years)

the transmission system ?

for system design,

and Rs

17

Power system states and actions

Normal (secure)

Other actions (e.g. switching)

Off-economic dispatch Restorative Alert, Not secure

Transmission loading relief procedures

Extreme emergency. Separation, cascading delivery point interruption, load shedding

Emergency Controlled load curtailment

Definition of states and control actions

(1) Real and Reactive power balance at each node (Equality Constraints (2) Limitations of physical equipment, such as currents and voltages must not exceed maximum limits(Inequality Constraints) Normal (Secure) State: Here all equality (E) and inequality constraints (I) are satisfied. In this state, generation is adequate to supply the existing load demand and no equipment is overloaded. Also in this state, reserve margins (for transmission as well as generation) are sufficient to provide an adequate level of security with respect to the stresses to which the system may be subjected. The latter maybe treated as the satisfaction of security constraints.

Definition of states and control actions

Alert (Insecure) State: The difference between this and the previous state is that in this state, the security level is below some threshold of adequacy. This implies that there is a danger of violating some of the inequality (I) constraints when subjected to disturbances (stresses). It can also be said that security constraints are not met. Preventive control enables the transition from an alert state to a secure state. Emergency state: Due to a severe disturbance, the system can enter emergency state. Here (I) constraints are violated. The system, would still be intact, and emergency control action (heroic measures) could be initiated to restore the system to an alert state. If these measures are not taken in time or are ineffective, and if the initiating disturbance or a subsequent one is severe enough to overstress the system, the system will breakdown and reach "In Extremis" state.

Definition of states and control actions

In Extremis State: Here, both (E) and (I) constraints are violated. The violation of equality constraints implies that parts of the system load are lost. Emergency control action should be directed at avoiding total collapse. Restorative State: This is a transitional state in which (I) constraints are met from emergency control actions taken but the (E) constraints are yet to be satisfied. From this state, the system can transmit to either the alert or the normal state depending on the circumstances.

STEADY-STATE SECURITY CONTROL OBJECTIVE

To prevent the system state from transitioning from normal secure to emergency

For an insecure normal state, two possible

responses are modification of the pre-contingency state to eliminate the potential overload, in case the contingency actually occurs

a dispatch strategy to manage the emergency

once it occurs