Chapter 13.

 Selective breeding

Labra Doodle Standard Poodle Chocolate Labrador

 Selective breeding is a process by which humans

breed animals and plants for a particular trait or traits. Selective breeding takes advantage of naturally occurring genetic variations in plants, animals, and other organisms, to pass desired traits on to the next generation of organisms.

 Improve quality of seed grains

Increase levels of proteins in forage crops

Plant is more resilient to insects and disease Ability to grow on lands that are not suitable

for them to grow.

 Fitter and stronger animals.

Yield higher amounts of milk, meat or eggs

Better survive in poor climates or marginal

conditions. Protect animals from developing diseases

 Risk of changing the natural evolution of the species

Breeding for particular traits can lead to risk of losing

some of the other genes from the gene pool.

 Was a botanist, horticulturist and pioneer in

agricultural science. He developed more than 800 strains and varieties of plants over 55 years. The most successful strains and varieties include: Shasta daisy, fire poppy, July Elberta peach, the Santa Rosa plum , Flaming Gold nectarine, Wickson plum, the freestone peach, russet potato

 Burbank used hybridization as one of his tools .

Hybridization is the process of crossing two

genetically different individuals to result in a third individual with a different, often preferred, set of traits. For example, a cross between a parent 1, with the genetic makeup (genotype) BB, and parent 2, with bb, produces progeny with the genetic makeup Bb, which is a hybrid (the first filial generation or F1).

 In order to maintain desired characteristics

of a line of organisms, breeders often will use the technique known as inbreeding. Inbreeding is the continued breeding of individuals with similar characteristics. Inbreeding may be useful in retaining a certain set of characteristics, but it comes with risks.

 The chance of crossing between two individuals will

bring together two recessive alleles for a genetic defect. Serious problems may occur.

 Genetic engineering Making changes in the DNA

code.

 A single unknown strand of DNA is placed in a test

tube. DNA polymerase, (enzyme) that copies DNA and the 4 nucleotide bases A, T, G, and C are added to the test tube. The enzyme uses the unknown strand of DNA as a template to make a new DNA strand after another. Researchers add a small number of bases that have a chemical dye attached.

 Each time a dye-labeled base is added to a new DNA

strand, the synthesis of that strand is terminated. When DNA strand is complete d, the new DNA strand is different lengths. Each base is labeled a different color , the result is a series of dye-tagged DNA fragments of different lengths.

 Changing the sequences of a DNA can be done in a

number of ways Short sequence can be assembled using machines called DNA synthesizers. Synthetic sequences can be joined to natural ones using enzymes that splice DNA together. Using the same enzyme to take gene from one organism and attach it to the DNA of another organism . This is called recombinant DNA.

 Making copies of a particular gene like in a photocopy

machine is known as polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

During transformation, a cell takes in DNA from outside the cell. This external DNA becomes a component or part of the cells DNA