Edgel May C. Bayag, M.D.

 Contraception
 Prevention of Pregnancy or Impregnation

 Sterilization
 Actor process by which an individual is rendered
incapable of fertilization or reproduction
 TheoreticalEfficacy Rate – efficacy of
contraception when used exactly as
instructed

 Actual Efficacy Rate – efficacy when used in

“real life,” assuming variations in the
consistency of usage
 Natural Methods – least effective
 Barrier Methods and Spermicides
 Intrauterine Devices
 Hormonal Methods
 Surgical Sterilization

 No Contraceptive or Sterilization Method is

100% Effective (as seen on the Table for
Failure Rates)
 Percent of Women
who Become
Pregnant
Method Theoretica Actual
l Failure Failure
Rate Rate
No method 85.0 85.0
Periodic Abstinence ___ 20.0
Calendar 9.0
Ovulation method 3.0
Symptothermal 2.0
Postovulation 1.0
Withdrawal 4.0 18.0
 Physiology-based that use neither chemical
nor mechanical barriers to contraception
 Least effective, should not be used if
pregnancy prevention is a high priority

 Periodic Abstinence
 Coitus Interruptus
 Lactational Amenorrhea
Condom
Male condom 2.0 12.0
Female condom 6.0 21.0-26.0
Diaphragm with 6.0 18.0
Spermicide
Cervical cap 6.0 18.0
Sponge
Parous women 9.0 28.0
Nulliparous women 6.0 18.0
Spermicide alone 3.0 21.0
IUD’s
Progestasert 2.0 2.0
Paraguard copper T 0.8 0.7
 Contraceptive methods work by preventing
sperm from entering the endometrial cavity,
fallopian tubes, and peritoneal cavity

 Male condoms
 Female condoms
 Diaphragm
 Cervical Cap
 Contraceptive Sponge
 Spermicides
 Made of plastic/metal introduced into
endometrial cavity using a cervical cannula

 Elicits
a sterile spermicidal inflammatory
response resulting in sperm being engulfed,
immobilized and destroyed

 Paraguard Copper T
 Progestasert
Combination pill 0.1 3.0
Progestin only pill 0.5 3.0-6.0
Norplant 0.09 0.09
Depo-Provera 0.3 0.3

Tubal Ligation 0.2 0.4

Vasectomy 0.1 0.15
 Mostcommonly used reversible means of
preventing pregnancy

 Oral Contraceptive Pill (OCP)

 Monophasic (Fixed Combination) Pills
 Multiphasic (Dose Varying) Pills
 Progestin-Only Pills (The Minipill)
 Norplant
 Depo-Provera
 Cardiovascular (mainly in smokers)
 Thromboembolism
 Pulmonary embolism
 Cerebrovascular accident
 Myocardial infarction

 Other Complications
 Benign hepatic tumors
 Increase in gallbladder disease
 Ideal
in stable, monogamous relationships
where no additional children are desired

 Tubal Sterilization
 Vasectomy