Bones & Cartilages by CK

Federal Institutes of Health Sciences, Multan
Bones & Cartilages

By: Chaman Lal
-B.S.PT, DPT, Dip. in sports Injuries, MPPS(PAK), -PG in Clinical Electroneurophysiology (AKUH), -Registered.EEGT (USA), -Member of AANEM & ASET (USA).
Study Outlines
Introduction to Bone tissue, its composition Functions of skeletal system Classification of bone by:
o Shape, o Region, o Development, o Structure
Gross structure of long bone Cartilages, its types & functions

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Bone tissue
In simplified terms, bone itself is composed of: Cells Osteoblasts (bone making cells) Osteocytes (Mature bone cells, , maintain bone matrix) Osteoclasts (bone destroying cells) Collagen fibers that contribute to hardness of the bone Matrix (cement) mostly calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate & other salts that give bone its strength & structure Together, collagen & matrix act as reinforcement Bone is constantly turning over (old bone replaced by new bone) Bone density changes as with age Weight bearing activity increases bone density (stimulates osteoblasts) Two types of bone tissue: spongy
compact
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Bone tissue
Spongy bone forms flat and short bones as well as ends (epiphyses) of long bones Compact bone solid, dense bone compact bone forms external shell
of all bones and shafts (diaphyses) of long bones
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Functions of the Skeletal System

Supports soft tissues of the body for the maintenance of the bodys form and posture. Provides an attachment point for skeletal muscles, tendons, ligaments etc. They serve as levers for muscular actions. Protects vital organs (brain, heart, lungs, bladder etc). Storing important minerals, e.g. calcium and phosphorus (97% of the body calcium & phosphate). Bone marrow manufactures blood cells. The larger paranasal air sinuses affect the timber of the voice.
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (1-Shape)

Long Bones- mainly compact bone with spongy bone at the ends. Examples: -Humerus -Femur -Ulna -Radius -Tibia -Fibula Flat Bones- protective bones for soft organs such as the lungs. Example: -Sternum -Scapula -Ribs & Skull
Types of Bones..contd
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Short Bones- cube like bones, provide stability and strength. Example: -Trapezoid-finger -Carpal & tarsal bones Irregular bones- Various functions including protection, stability and strength. Example: -Vertebrae -Pelvis or hip bone
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES
Pneumatic Bones- Certain irregular bones contain large air spaces lined by epithelium. Examples: -Maxilla, Sphenoid,Ethmoid etc They make the skull light in weight, help in resonance of voice, and act as air conditioning chambers for the inspired air. Sesamoid Bones- These are the bony nodules found embedded in the tendons or joint capsules. They have no periosteum & ossify after birth. Example: -Patella, Pisiform etc Accessory (supernumerary) Bones:These are not always present. They may occur as ununited epiphyses developed from extra centres of ossification., e.g sutural bones etc. These are often bilateral and have smooth surfaces without any callus.
Structure of a Long Bone

DIAPHYSIS- shaft of a long bone, constructed mainly of compact bone. EPIPHYSIS- end of the long bone, exterior is formed by compact bone & interior is formed by spongy bone. Medullary cavity storage area for yellow bone marrow (red bone marrow in infants, in adults red marrow confined to spongy bone) Articular cartilage covers epiphysis providing a smooth, slippery surface decreasing friction at joints
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Anatomy of a Long Bone

Diaphysis

Medullary Cavity Nutrient Art & Vein Epiphyseal Plates Epiphyseal Art & Vein Outer: Dense irregular CT Inner: Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Does not cover epiphyses Attaches to bone matrix via collagen fibers Osteoblasts, osteoclasts Covers trabeculae, lines medullary cavity
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2 Epiphyses

Periosteum
Endosteum

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Structure of a Long Bone

Bone markings Projections & indentations Where muscles, tendons & ligaments attach and where nerves and blood vessels pass Examples: Tuberosity Trochanter Process Facet Condyle Fossa
Growth & development of bone tissue

Epiphyseal line remnant of epiphyseal
plate:
In embryos skeleton made of hyaline cartilage

By birth all replaced by bone except articular cartilage & epiphyseal plates in children (growth plate) Epiphyseal plate cause lengthwise growth cells divide quickly pushing plate away from diaphysis. Too much stress can cause injury hindering growth Hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone BW 15 16-25 years leaving epiphyseal line
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (2-Regional)

1-Axial skeleton (80 bones) Skull=8, Facial =14 Vertebrae=26 Ribs=24 Sternum=1 Hyoid=1 Auditory ossicles (3 in each ear) =6 2-Appendicular skeleton 126 bones upper & lower limbs and Pelvic & pectoral girdles
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Cranial bones=8 & Facial=14

Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital
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Vertebral column
Spine built of 26 vertebrae Five vertebral regions cervical vertebrae (7) in the neck thoracic vertebrae (12) in the thorax lumbar vertebrae (5) in the low back region sacrum (5, fused) coccyx (4, fused)
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Thorax
Sternum (breast bone) =1 Ribs 1-7 are true ribs (join sternum directly) 8-12 are false ribs (do not join sternum directly but via 7th rib) 11-12 are floating (not bound anteriorly)
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Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Bones
Clavicle
Scapula
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Upper extremity
Bones Humerus ulna & radius
carpal bones
metacarpal bones phalanges
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Lower extremity
Bones femur and patella tibia & fibula tarsal bones metatarsals
phalanges
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Pelvic girdle
Bones of Pelvis Coxal (Hip) bones (2) Sacrum Coccyx
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Hip bones
3 parts Ilium Ischium Pubis 3 separate parts in childhood Fused into single bone in adults
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (3-Developmental)
1) Intramembranous Ossification

Membrane bones: most skull bones and clavicle Osteoblasts in membrane secrete osteoid that mineralizes Osteocytes maintain new bone tissue Trabeculae forms between blood vessels Grows into thickened plates at periphery = compact bone Periosteum forms over it
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (3-Developmental) 2) Endochondral Ossification: All other bones Begins with a cartilaginous model Perichondrium becomes replaced by periosteum Cartilage in diaphysis calcifies Trabeculae forms from Periosteal bud Periosteal bud = arteries & veins, cells forming bone marrow, osteoblasts, osteoclasts Medullary cavity is formed by action of osteoclasts Epiphyses grow and eventually calcify Epiphyseal plates remain cartilage for up to 20 years Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS) 28 2/1/2014
CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (3-Developmental)
3) Membrano-cartilaginous bones:
Ossify partly in membrane and partly in cartilage. Example:- Clavicle, Mandible, Occipital, Temporal, sphenoid etc.
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CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (4-Structure)
A-Macroscopically the architecture of bone may be ; 1- Compact Bone 2- Cancellous spongy/trabecular bone 1-Compact Bone:- Compact bone is dense in texture like ivory, but is extremely porous. - It is best developed in the cortex of the long bones. - These have adaptation of bending and twisting by force.
Structural classification. . . Contd
2- Cancellous Spongy, or Trabecular Bone:- It is open in texture and is made up of a meshwork of trabeculae (rods & plates). - This meshwork is of 3 types; 1- Meshwork of rods 2- Meshwork of plates 3- Meshwork of rods & plates - Cancellous bone is an adaptation to compressive forces.
Structural classification. . . Contd
B. Microscopically, the bone is of 4 types; 1. Lamellar bone:-Most of mature human bones (compact/spongy) -These are composed of thin plates of bony tissue called lamellae. -These are arranged in piles in a cancellous bone, but in concentric cylinders (Haversian system or secondary osteon) in compact bone. 2. Fibrous bone:- -in young fetus, common in reptiles & amphibian 3&4. Dentine & Cement in teeth.
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Bone Growth & Remodeling

GROWTH Appositional Growth = widening of bone Bone tissue added on surface by osteoblasts of periosteum Medullary cavity maintained by osteoclasts Interstitial Growth =Lengthening of Bone Epiphyseal plates enlarge by chondroblasts Matrix calcifies (chondrocytes die and disintegrate) Bone tissue replaces cartilage on diaphysis side REMODELING Due to mechanical stresses on bones, their tissue needs to be replaced Osteoclasts-take up bone ( = breakdown) release Ca2++ , PO4 to body fluids from bone Osteoblasts-lay down bone formation secrete osteoid to form new bone Ideally osteoclasts and osteoblasts work at the same rate!
Growth and Remodeling
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Bone Anatomy and Stress

Wolffs law holds that a bone grows or remodels in response to the forces which act upon it. Changes in bone density in response to exercise. Tension and compression forces must balance .
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Healing of a Bone Fracture
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Cartilages
One of the most remarkable tissues of the human body. Its inert and lifeless, bones are living, dynamic structures. Weaker than bone More flexible than bone Cells in an abundant matrix. Cell Types Chondroblasts Chondrocytes in lacunae
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Skeletal Cartilages
Initially our skeleton is made up of cartilages and fibrous membranes. Gradually our skeletal cartilages are replaced by bone. Upon reaching adulthood the skeleton becomes almost fully ossified. Only a few cartilages remain in the adult skeleton.
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Basic structure, type & location

A skeletal cartilage is made of some variety of cartilage tissue Each type contains a high proportion of water which makes them resilient Cartilage has no nerves or blood supply It is surrounded by a dense tissue membrane called a perichondrium.
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Basic structure, type & location

There are three types of cartilage tissue: 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage, and 3. Fibrocartilage Each contains a matrix of jellylike ground substance and fibers.
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Cartilages
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1.Hyaline cartilages
Greek Hyalos= transparent stone Its bluish white and translucent in color The most prevalent type of cartilage Its high proportion of collagen fibers give it flexibility and resilience while providing support Upon examination the tissue appears white, frosted, and smooth.
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Hyaline cartilage locations

Articular - covers the end of bones Costal - connect ribs to breastbone Laryngeal - skeleton of larynx Tracheal & bronchial - reinforce the respiratory passages Nasal - support the external nose
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2.Elastic cartilage
Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers Its elastic fibers enable it to withstand repeated bending Found only in the external ear and the epiglottis
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3.Fibrocartilage
The tissue contains parallel rows chondrocytes alternating with collagen fibers. Tissue is highly compressible and has great tensile strength. Found in thick pad-like structures like the menisci of the knee or the discs of the vertebral column.
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Growth of cartilage
Cartilage grows in two ways Appositional growth occurs when cells in the surrounding perichondrium secrete new matrix next to existing cartilage tissue (growth from the outside). Interstitial growth occurs when the chondrocytes within the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage (growth from within).
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Federal Institutes of Health Sciences, Multan

Bones & Cartilages

Gross structure of long bone Cartilages, its types & functions

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

of all bones and shafts (diaphyses) of long bones

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Functions of the Skeletal System

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (1-Shape)

Structure of a Long Bone

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Anatomy of a Long Bone

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Structure of a Long Bone

Growth & development of bone tissue

In embryos skeleton made of hyaline cartilage

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (2-Regional)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Cranial bones=8 & Facial=14

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Pectoral (shoulder) girdle

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (3-Developmental)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (3-Developmental)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

CLASSIFICATION OF BONES (4-Structure)

Structural classification. . . Contd

Structural classification. . . Contd

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone Growth & Remodeling

Growth and Remodeling

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone Anatomy and Stress

Healing of a Bone Fracture

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Basic structure, type & location

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Basic structure, type & location

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Hyaline cartilage locations

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

Bone & Cartilages By:CK (FIHS)

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Bones & Cartilages by CK

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