Feldman10 PPT ch12

UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY
10TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt
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Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011
CHAPTER
TWELVE: DEVELOPMENT
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MODULE 35: Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue

How
do psychologists study the degree to which development is an interaction of hereditary and environmental factors?
3
Developmental Psychology
Study
of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

Nature-nurture issue Developmental psychologists typically take an interactionist position
4
Determining the Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture

Genetically
control laboratory animals and place in varied environments twins
Identical
5
Developmental Research Techniques

Cross-sectional Research Compares people of different ages at the same
point in time
Differences among groups of people
Longitudinal Research Traces the behavior of one or more participants
as the participants age

Change in behavior over time
Developmental Research Techniques

Sequential
Research
Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal
approaches by taking a number of different age groups and examining them at several points in time
7
MODULE 36: Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth

What
is the nature of development before
birth?
What
factors affect a child during the mothers pregnancy?
8
The Basics of Genetics

Chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic
hereditary information Genes

Smaller units through which genetic information is transmitted Composed of sequences of DNA
9
The Basics of Genetics

The
Human Genome Project
Scientists mapped the specific location and
sequence of every human gene

Gene therapy
Health-care providers inject genes to correct particular diseases directly into a patients bloodstream
10
The Earliest Development

Germinal
Period
Zygote Fertilized egg First two weeks

Embryonic
Period
Embryo Weeks 2 through 8

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Fetal
Period
Fetus Week 8 until birth Age of viability Point at which it can survive if born prematurely
About prenatal age 22 weeks Sensitive periods (critical periods)
Preterm Infants Born before week 38 At higher risk for illness, future problems, and death
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Genetic
Influences on the Fetus
Phenylketonuria (PKU) Sickle-cell anemia
Tay-Sachs disease
Down Syndrome
13

Prenatal
Environmental Influences
Teratogens Mothers nutrition Mothers illness Mothers emotional state Mothers use of drugs Alcohol
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) Fetal alcohol effects (FAE)
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Nicotine use
Environmental Factors and Development
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Alternative Paths to Conception

In
Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)
Gamete Zygote
Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)
Surrogate mother
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MODULE 37: Infancy and Childhood

What
are the major competencies of newborns? are the milestones of physical and social development during childhood?
does cognitive development proceed during childhood?
What
How
17
The Extraordinary Newborn

Neonates
strange appearance
Misshapen head Vernix
Lanugo
18

Reflexes
Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur
automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

Rooting reflex Sucking reflex Gag reflex Startle reflex Babinski reflex
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20 20

Development
of the Senses: Taking in the
World
Visual abilities grow rapidly after birth
Habituation Decrease in the response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus Distinguishing sounds Native vs. foreign language Distinguishing taste and smell 21
The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood
Physical Development
During first year of life
children typically triple birth weight Height increases by about half
22

Development
of Social Behavior: Taking on
the World
Attachment The positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual Konrad Lorenz Imprinting Harry Harlows study on attachment Wire monkey versus cloth monkey
23

Assessing Attachment
Mary Ainsworth Ainsworth strange situation

Securely attached Avoidant Ambivalent Disorganized-disoriented
24

The
Fathers Role
Number of fathers who are primary caregivers for
their children has grown significantly Nature of attachment to children can be similar to that of mothers
25

Social
Relationships with Peers
Helps children interpret the meaning of others
behavior and develop the capacity to respond appropriately Helps children learn physical and emotional selfcontrol
26

The Consequences of Child Care Outside the
Home
High-quality care centers can positively impact child Low-quality child care provides little or no gain and may even hinder development
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Parenting Styles and
Social Development
Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative Uninvolved
Temperament A basic, innate disposition Resilience

28

Eriksons
Theory of Psychosocial Development

Trust-versus-mistrust stage Birth 1 years of age Autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage 1 3 years of age Initiative-versus-guilt stage 3 6 years of age Industry-versus-inferiority stage 6 12 years of age
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Cognitive
Development: Childrens Thinking About the World

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Sensorimotor stage
Birth to 2 years of age Object permanence
Preoperational stage
2 to 7 years of age Egocentric thought Principle of conservation
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Cognitive
Development: Childrens Thinking About the World

Piagets Theory of Cognitive Development Concrete operational stage
7 to 12 years of age Reversibility
Formal operational stage

12 years of age to adulthood Abstract, formal, and logical thinking
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Information-Processing Approaches
The way in which people take in, use, and store
information
Metacognition An awareness and understanding of ones own cognitive processes
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Vygotskys
View of Cognitive Development: Considering Culture

Cognitive development occurs as a consequence
of social interactions in which children work with others to jointly solve problems
Zone of proximal development (ZPD)
Level at which a child can almost, but not fully, comprehend or perform a task on his or her own
Scaffolding
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MODULE 38: Adolescence: Becoming an Adult

What
major physical, social, and cognitive transitions characterize adolescence?
34
MODULE 38: Adolescence: Becoming an Adult

Adolescence
Developmental stage between childhood and
adulthood
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Physical Development: The Changing Adolescent

Puberty
Period at which
maturation of the sexual organs occurs

Girls ~11-12 yrs
Menstruation
Boys ~13 yrs

Spermarche
36
Moral and Cognitive Development: Distinguishing Right from Wrong
Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

Three-level sequence Judgments, not moral
behavior Moral development in women
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Social Development: Finding Oneself in a Social World

Eriksons
Theory of Psychosocial Development: The Search for Identity

Identity-versus-role-confusion stage Identity Intimacy-versus-isolation stage Early adulthood Focuses on developing close relationships with others
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Eriksons
Theory of Psychosocial Development: The Search for Identity

Generativity-versus-stagnation stage Middle adulthood Ability to contribute to ones family, community, work, and society, and to assist the development of the younger generation Ego-integrity-versus-despair stage Later adulthood until death 39 Sense of accomplishment

Stormy Adolescence:
Myth or Reality?
Research shows that adolescence is not a period
fraught with stress and unhappiness as once thought, but nevertheless does have some strife
Adolescent egocentrism
State of self-absorption in which a teenager views the world from his own point of view
Personal fables
Belief that ones experience is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else
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Adolescent
Suicide
Third leading cause of death for adolescents Warning signs:

School problems Self-destructive behavior Signs of depression Preoccupation with death
Loss of appetite or excessive eating

Withdrawal from friends and peers Sleeping problems
Putting affairs in order, giving away prized possessions

Explicit announcement of thoughts of suicide
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Module 39: Adulthood

What
are the principal kinds of physical, social, and intellectual changes that occur in early and middle adulthood, and what are their causes?
does the reality of late adulthood differ from the stereotypes about that period? can we adjust to death?
42
How
How
Module 39: Adulthood

Emerging adulthood The period beginning in the late teenage years
and extending into the mid-twenties
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Physical Development: The Peak of Health

For
most people, early adulthood marks the peak of physical health

Around age 25, the body becomes slightly less
efficient and more susceptible to disease

Menopause
Women stop menstruating and are no longer
fertile
Hormone therapy (HT) is controversial
44
Social Development: Working at Life

People
typically launch themselves into careers, marriage, and families transition
Midlife
Period when people may begin to question their
lives
Midlife crisis
45
Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties

Changes
in marriage and divorce trends have doubled the number of single-parent households in the United States over the last two decades
and emotional consequences for the single-parent households
46
Economic
Marriage, Children, and Divorce: Family Ties

Changing
Roles of Men and Women: The Time of Their Lives

More women act simultaneously as wives,
mothers, and wage earners

Womens
Second Shift
Additional work performed by women with a
career and home responsibilities

47
The Later Years of Life: Growing Old
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Physical Changes in Late Adulthood: The Aging Body

Genetic
Preprogramming Theories of Aging
Suggest that human cells have a built-in time limit
to their reproduction
Wear-and-Tear
Theories of Aging
Suggest that the mechanical functions of the
body simply work less efficiently as people age

49
Cognitive Changes: Thinking About and During Late Adulthood

Fluid
intelligence
Shows decline in late
adulthood
Crystallized
intelligence
Remains steady and in
some cases actually improves

50

Memory
Changes in Late Adulthood: Are Older Adults Forgetful?

Senility Progressive deterioration of mental abilities including memory loss, disorientation to time and place, and general confusion Alzheimers disease Progressive brain disorder that leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in cognitive abilities
51

The
Social World of Late Adulthood: Old but Not Alone

Disengagement Theory of Aging Aging produces a gradual withdrawal from the world on physical, psychological, and social levels
52

The
Social World of Late Adulthood: Old but Not Alone

Activity Theory of Aging Late adulthood should reflect a continuation, as much as possible, of the activities in which people participated during the earlier part of their lives
Life review
53
Adjusting to Death
Elisabeth
Kbler-Ross
Five Stages of Facing Impending Death Denial Anger Bargaining Depression Acceptance
54

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UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY

MODULE 35: Nature and Nurture: The Enduring Developmental Issue

of the patterns of growth and change that occur throughout life

Determining the Relative Influence of Nature and Nurture

control laboratory animals and place in varied environments twins

Developmental Research Techniques

Longitudinal Research Traces the behavior of one or more participants

as the participants age

Developmental Research Techniques

Combines cross-sectional and longitudinal

MODULE 36: Prenatal Development: Conception to Birth

is the nature of development before

factors affect a child during the mothers pregnancy?

The Basics of Genetics

Rod-shaped structures that contain all basic

hereditary information Genes

The Basics of Genetics

Human Genome Project

Scientists mapped the specific location and

sequence of every human gene

The Earliest Development

Zygote Fertilized egg First two weeks

Embryo Weeks 2 through 8

The Earliest Development

The Earliest Development

Influences on the Fetus

Phenylketonuria (PKU) Sickle-cell anemia

The Earliest Development

Environmental Factors and Development

Alternative Paths to Conception

Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT)

MODULE 37: Infancy and Childhood

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

The Extraordinary Newborn

Misshapen head Vernix

The Extraordinary Newborn

Unlearned, involuntary responses that occur

automatically in the presence of certain stimuli

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

The Extraordinary Newborn

of the Senses: Taking in the

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

children typically triple birth weight Height increases by about half

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

of Social Behavior: Taking on

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

Mary Ainsworth Ainsworth strange situation

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

Number of fathers who are primary caregivers for

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

Relationships with Peers

Helps children interpret the meaning of others

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

Temperament A basic, innate disposition Resilience

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

Theory of Psychosocial Development

Copyright McGraw-Hill, Inc. 2011

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

Development: Childrens Thinking About the World

The Growing Child: Infancy Through Middle Childhood

Development: Childrens Thinking About the World