UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGY

10TH EDITION By Robert Feldman Powerpoint slides by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 10th Ed by Cathleen Hunt

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FOURTEEN: HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY: STRESS, COPING, AND WELL-BEING

CHAPTER

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 Health

Psychology

Investigates the psychological factors related to

wellness and illness, including the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medical problems
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

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MODULE 43: Stress and Coping

How

is health psychology a union between medicine and psychology? is stress, how does it affect us, and how can we best cope with it?

What

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Stress: Reacting to Threat and Challenge

Peoples

response to events that threaten or challenge them

Stressors Circumstances and events in life Stressors produce threats to our well-being

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The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure

Categorizing

Stressors 3 Categories

Cataclysmic events Occur suddenly and typically affect many people simultaneously Personal stressors Major life events Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Background stressors (i.e., daily hassles) Hassles vs. uplifts
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Hassles vs. Uplifts

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The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure

The

High Cost of Stress

Both biological and psychological consequences Psychophysiological disorders Formerly known as psychosomatic disorders Actual medical problems that are influenced by an interaction of psychological, emotional, and physical difficulties

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How Stressful Is Your Life?

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The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure

The

General Adaptation Syndrome Model: The Course of Stress

Physiological response to stress follows the same

set pattern regardless of the cause of stress

Three phases:
Alarm and mobilization Resistance Exhaustion
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The Nature of Stressors: My Stress Is Your Pleasure

Psychoneuroimmunology

(PNI)

PNI focuses on the outcomes of stress 3 main consequences of stress: Physiological results Harmful behaviors Indirect health-related behaviors

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Coping with Stress

Efforts

to control, reduce, or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress

Categories Emotion-focused coping
Managing emotions in the face of stress, seeking to change the way one feels about or perceives a problem

Problem-focused coping
Attempting to modify the stressful problem or source of stress

Avoidant Coping
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Least effective

Coping with Stress

Learned

Helplessness

Occurs when people conclude that unpleasant or

aversive stimuli cannot be controlled Experience more physical symptoms and depression

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Coping with Stress

Coping

Styles: The Hardy Personality

Hardiness Characteristic associated with a lower rate of stress-related illness Three components:
Commitment Challenge Control

Resilience
Ability to withstand, overcome, and thrive after profound diversity
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Coping with Stress

Social

Support: Turning to Others

Knowledge that we are part of a mutual network

of caring, interested others Enables us to experience lower levels of stress and be better able to cope with stress we do undergo

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Coping with Stress

Effective

Coping Strategies

Turn a threat into a challenge Make a threatening situation less threatening

Change your goals

Take physical action Biofeedback Exercise Prepare for stress before it happens Proactive coping
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MODULE 44: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being

How

do psychological factors affect healthrelated problems such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and smoking?

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MODULE 44: Psychological Aspects of Illness and Well-Being

Type A behavior

pattern

Cluster of behaviors involving hostility,

competitiveness, time urgency, and feeling driven

Type

B behavior pattern

Characterized by a patient, cooperative,

noncompetitive, and nonaggressive manner

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Psychological Aspects of Cancer

Emotional responses of cancer patients to their disease may affect its course Some psychological therapies have the potential for improving quality of life and even extending the lives of cancer patients

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Smoking
Why People Smoke Heredity Genetics Environmental factors Seen as cool Media exposure A rite of passage Quitting Smoking Nicotine replacement drugs Behavioral strategies
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MODULE 45: Promoting Health and Wellness

How

do our interactions with physicians affect our health and compliance with medical treatment?
does a sense of well-being develop?

How

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Following Medical Advice

Noncompliance

Result of reactance Negative emotional and cognitive reaction that results from the restriction of ones freedom
Creative

Nonadherence

Adjusting a treatment prescribed by a physician,

relying on ones own medical judgment and experience

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Communicating Effectively with Health-Care Providers

Make

a list of health-related concerns before your visit Before visit write down names and dosages of all medications Determine whether your provider will communicate via e-mail If you feel intimidated, bring along an advocate who can help you communicate
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Following Medical Advice

Increasing

Compliance with Advice

Provide clear instructions to patients regarding

drug regimens Honesty about nature of medical problems and treatments Positively framed messages
Change in behavior will lead to a gain

Negatively framed messages Highlight what can be lost by not performing a behavior
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Well-Being and Happiness

Subjective

Well-Being

Peoples evaluations of their lives in terms of both

their thoughts and their emotions

Characteristics of happy people
Have high self-esteem
Positive illusions

Have a firm sense of control Are optimistic Men and women are generally made happy by the same sorts of activities but not always 25 Like to be around other people
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Well-Being and Happiness

Does Money Buy Happiness?

Set points for happiness Most peoples set point

is relatively high
30% rate selves as very happy

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