Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Equilibrium Theory:
number of species is a
balance between
– 1.
– 2.
E.O. Wilson
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Island Biogeographic Theory
– 2.
E.O. Wilson
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Equilibrium Theory
et a R noit ar gi mmI
et a R noit c nit x E
Number of species present
Small Island
Large island
(large jar)
a R noit ar gi mmI
t a R noit c nit x E
Large Island
Small island
(small jar)
Number of species present
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Area Effect
• Increase area = increase species number
– Decrease extinction rate
Small Island
Large Island
Small Island
Far island
(Not
reinnoculated)
Large Island
noit ar gi mmI
Near Island
Far Island
Habitat islands
1. Minimum critical size
2. Minimum size needed to preserve most
species
3. SLOSS - single large or several small
(Fragmentation and conservation)
4. Forest or wildlife corridors
-- Tewksbury and Levey study at Savannah
River
Bristle worm
Amoeba
Volvox
Paramecium
Rotifer
Ecinoderm
Copepod larvae
Hay Infusion Microcosms
A. Photocopied pictures and posters of organisms available
B. First sample by the "naked eye" - can see many plants and animals - snails,
odonate larvae, large Daphnia, duckweed, etc.
C. Don't need to know the names- just recognize as distinct
D. Lots of blue-greens - do move - but don't count
E. Some green algae - can count if you want
F. Can use 40X to I.D.
G. Survey slides up and down, not back and forth
H. Reuse slides then throw away, throw away cover slips
I. Ignore bacteria- they can see easily on 40X.
J. Continue examining samples until you are confident you have found most/all
of the species present. – AT LEAST 10 slides!
10 x, then 40x
Bacteria
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Species effort curves
N o . O F S P E C IE S
e s tim a te d to ta l n u m b e r o f s p e c ie s
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0
S A M P L E N U M B E R
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3zLJvumsUo8
ID guide
http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/index.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/pond/index.html
Mann-Whitney Procedure
i. Rank all of the observations from both samples together
consecutively from the lowest to the highest.
ii. In case of ties, the tied observations are ranked
consecutively, the ranks are added together, and this sum
is divided by the number of tied observations. Each tied
observation is then ranked this calculated value.
iii. The ranks of sample 1 are then summed to obtain Rl and
the ranks of sample 2 are summed to obtain R2.
U = n1n2 + n2(n2 + 1)
- R2
2
U' = n1n2 - U
where n1 is the number of observations in
sample 1, and n2 is the sample size in
sample 2.