Dr.

Shrawan Kumar Acharya

Faculty,CEPT University
Ahmedabad

CEPT
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Economic Change
 Secondary Sector
 Urban – Rural Dichotomy

Physical Change/Spatial
 Urban Concentration
 Regional

Social Change
 Family Structure/Social Structure

Demographic
 Migration
 Population Growth

Political
Working Class Movement
 Democratic Forms of Government
QUALITY OF LIFE INDICATORS
Population Growth

 8.9 mil. 1801

 32.5 mil.1901

Migration

 4 Mil., R-U Between 1821-1851

Urbanization

 50% Urban By 1851

 In 1801, 70% Pop. Sett. <2500
 In 1851, 40% Pop. Sett. >1,00,000
 Manchester Population
1830 1851
 1,80,000 3,03,382
Poverty

 30% in London ( Charles Booth)

Death Rates

1831 1844
 20/1000 30/1000

Life Expectancy
1860s
 Nobility – 55 Years
 Working Class- 29 Years

Housing

 90 % Rental
 25 % Total Income As Rent
 Average No. Of Inhabitants/Dwelling – 7.6
CONCERNS

1.Public Health

2.Productivity

3.Increasing Disparity Between Classes

4.Working Class Movement

5.Anomie/ Alienation

6.Regional Disparity
RESPONSES

1.Reformist

2.Utopians

3.Corporate Benevolence

4.Marxist/ Socialist

5.Capitalist

6.Voluntary/ Evangelic
REFORMIST

Enhance The Role OF The State

1.Direct Provision Of Services- Water Supply, Housing

etc

2.Imposition Of Obligations
Laws
Byelaws

3. Institutionalization Of Local Governance

UTOPIANS

1.Romantics

2.Small Self Contained Communities

3.Better Environment Better Society and Better

Productivity

4.Deterministic Approach.

5.Genesis Garden City New Town Movement

CORPORATE PHILANTROPHY
1.Utilitarian, Better Physical Environment, Better Society , Better
Productivity.

2.Self Contained Communities

3.Model Industrial Towns

SOCIALIST
1.City Problem Capitalist Problem

2.Need to Change Social Structure

3.Centralized Control – State / Party

4.Working Class Solidarity

CAPITALIST
1.Free Market Allocation Of Goods And Services,
Including Housing And Land.

2.Free Market Institutions – Real Estate Developers

VOLUNTARY AND EVANGELICS

1.Charity / Relief

2.Social Services
LEGAL REFORMS
1.1835 – Municipal Corporation Act

2.1840 – Select Committee On Health Of Towns

3.1845 – Royal Commission On Large Towns

4.1848 – Public Health Act ( Right To Housing )

5.1851 – Shaftsbury Act ( Lodging House )

6.1863 – Alkalis Act ( Control Chemicals – Ind. Pollution )

7. 1868 – Torrens Act - The Artisans & Lab. Dwelling Act
( Local Authority To Build New Dwelling For The Laborers)

8. 1875 – Cross Acts ( Clear Large Areas Of Unfit Housing &

Build New Tenements, Slum Clearance )

9. 1885 – Royal Commission On Housing

10. 1890 – Housing Of Working Class Act

( Redevelopment Of Large Areas )

11. 1909 – Town Planning Act.

MODEL TOWNS
1.Industrial Township.

2.Small Population Mostly Workers.

3.Rural – Large Open Spaces.

4. Low Density.

5. Residential Standards High.

6. Mixed Income Communities.

7. Strict Regulations And Standardization, Limited Choice.

8. Land Ownership – Single ( Industries) Or Trusts.

Examples :
1.New Lanark ( 1816 ) – Robert Owen.

2.Salt tire ( 1853 ) - Titus Salt

3.Bourn Ville ( 1879 ) – George Cadbury.

4.Post Sunlight ( 1887 ) – Lever Brothers.

CRITICISM

1. Deterministic – Technology Design Oriented.

2. Social Concern Less.

3. Paternalistic – Elite And Middle Class Value.

4.Capitalist Interest, “Labour Reserve”

5.Remained As Middle Class Settlements.