Multi Criteria Modelling in Gis

MULTI CRITERIA MODELLING IN GIS
Dr. S. K. Pathan
Scientist ‘G’ and Head,
Geo-Informatics and Databases
DivisionGovt. of India, Ahmedabad
Space Applications Centre (ISRO),
MC MODELLING Disaster
SPATIAL
Water Services
Management
Services
PLANNING SCENARIOS Forest Services
DECISION MAKING
Transport services G IS Agriculture

Services
Taxes
ASPATIAL
Municipal Services
Water Supply
Railway Services Electricity Birth/Death certificates
Pension, DCRG, Commutation,

Family Pension, Medical Bills, Administrative Services
Pay Fixation, Appraisals, Promotions
Option-1 Option-2
Criteria-2
Criteria-1
Option-3
Criteria-3
Connecting ‘N’ number of objects

Information
Information
Knowledge
Knowledge
Management
Management
Information and Knowledge Management
Knowledge
Information
Management
MCM MCM
DECISION MAKING
INFORMATION = DATA
LEGEND
Forest land
Agricultural land
Waste land
Rivers/Streams
INFORMATION
SPATIAL ASPATIAL
GEOGRAPHIC NON-GEOGRAPHIC
CAD/CAM
LIS OTHERS
PARCEL BASED CENSUS
NON-PARCEL OTHERS
TAXONOMY OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

DATA = INFORMATION
INFORMATION = KNOWLEDGE
KNOWLEDGE = MANAGEMENT
IT – Information Technology
IM – Information Management
DATA - ? Alpha or Numeric

Punya Vishaya -- 937
Punya Vishaya city -- Year 937

INFORMATION ? Data within a context
Punya Vishaya (Pune) city found in the Year 937
KNOWLEDGE ? Combination of
Information
KM – Knowledge Management
People and Processes
KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT
An integration of ‘People, Process and

Technology’ to enable the harnessing of an
organisation’s information elements into an
‘Intuitive and Dynamic collection of Knowledge
Assets’ that will provide ‘Value, Advantage and
Benefit’ to the enterprise
KM TOOLS - Notes , Documentation, Live link and Fulcrum

GPS GPR
RS / GIS
TS
GEOINFORMATICS
PHOTOGRAMMETRY
CARTOGRAPHY
Information, Knowledge and Management
Transparency, Speed, Less Cost and Man power

Advances in geo-information technology, has created very
efficient possibility of collecting, and managing large amounts
of data for earth resource processes in various form and
scales.
Remote Sensing and GIS technology have offered a great

potential to capture data through variety of Earth Observation
Platforms, and integrate/relate them through their common
spatial denominator.
They also offer appropriate technology for data management,

information extraction, routine manipulation and visualization,
but they lack necessary analytical capabilities to support
management and decision-making processes.
In many cases now the problem is not lack of

data/information, but the selection and process of data to
generate meaningful and timely information that can support
better management of resources.
For improved decision-making, the required information, tools,

techniques, models and decision-making procedure have to
become integrated in a user-friendly information processing
system called "Spatial Decision Support Systems (SDSS)”.
SDSS provide insight in to the tradeoffs between various

options that decision makers are facing.
DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM
A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

INVOLVES THE INTEGRATION OF
SPATIALLY REFERENCED DATA
IN A PROBLEM SOLVING
ENVIRON-MENT.
Source : Cowen, 1988

Principles and components of multiple-criteria decision

making.
Multiple-criteria evaluation methods/techniques.
Theory and practice of spatial multiple criteria evaluation
Application of spatial multiple-criteria evaluation method

in planning and decision making.
Application of the above techniques in case studies

DATA MODEL : A procedure used to convert the geographic

variation into “GIS”
Area is divided
into a regular
Geographic features are array of cells.
represented with ‘x,y’
cartesian co-ordinate Fineness is limited
system by the cell size.
Lines and points are Space filling GIS

represented by their
explicit x,y coordinates. One set of cells
and associated
Vector format is best values – Layer
suited for representing
spatial objects with Storage space high
high coordinate
precision. QUAD TREE:
Area of interest
Storage space less. is recursively
decomposed.
Storage space less.
RASTER MODEL VECTOR MODEL
TELLS WHAT OCCURS TELLS WHERE EVERYTH-

EVERY WHERE, AT EACH ING OCCURS, GIVES A
PLACE IN THE AREA. LOCATION TO EVERY
OBJECT.
IT SUFFERS TO REPRE- IT IS PRECISE AND HAS NO

SENT PRECISE DETAILS APPROXIMATE ERRORS
OF MEASURED FOR THE MEASURED
QUANTITIES DUE TO QUANTITIES LIKE AREA,
DESCRETISATION. LENGTH AND PERIMETER.
POINTS, LINES, POLY-

POINTS, LINES, POLYGONS GONS ARE NOT
ARE NOT RECOGNISED AS RECOGNISED IN THEIR
OBJECTS IN THEIR OWN OWN MERIT (ACCURACY IS
MERIT. HIGH).
COMPUTATION SLOW.
RASTER MODEL
COMPUTATION FASTER
VECTOR MODEL
COMPUTATION SLOW
DECISION MAKING
It is a COGNITIVE PROCESS leading to the selection

of a course of action among variations.
Every decision making process produces a final choice.

It can be an action or an opinion.
It begins when we need to do something but know not

what ?
Decision making is a reasoning process which can be

rational or irrational, and can be based on explicit
assumptions or tacit assumptions.
DECISION MAKING
Examples:
Where to go for SHOPPING ?
What to EAT ?
When to SLEEP ?
Decide what or whom to VOTE ?

DECISION MAKING
SWOT Analysis - Evaluation by the decision making individual or
organization of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats with
respect to desired end state or objective.
Analytic Hierarchy Process - procedure for multi-level goal hierarchy
Buyer decision processes - transaction before, during, and after a

purchase
Complex systems - common behavioural and structural features that

can be modelled
Cost-benefit analysis - process of weighing the total expected costs vs.

the total expected benefits
Control-Ethics, a decision making framework that balances the tensions

of accountability and 'best' outcome.
DECISION MAKING
Decision trees
Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)
critical path analysis
critical chain analysis
Force field analysis - analyzing forces that either drive or hinder movement
toward a goal
Grid Analysis - analysis done by comparing the weighted averages of

ranked criteria to options. A way of comparing both objective and
subjective data.
Linear programming - optimization problems in which the objective function

and the constraints are all linear
Morphological analysis - all possible solutions to a multi-dimensional

problem complex
 Optimization DECISION MAKING
 Paired Comparison Analysis : Paired choice analysis
 Pareto Analysis : selection of a limited of number of tasks that produce significant

overall effect
 Robust decision : making the best possible choice when information is incomplete,
uncertain, evolving and inconsistent
 Satisfying : In decision-making, satisfying explains the tendency to select the first

option that meets a given need or select the option that seems to address most needs
rather than the “optimal” solution.
 Scenario analysis : process of analyzing possible future events
 Six Thinking Hats : symbolic process for parallel thinking
 Strategic planning process : applying the objectives, SWOTs, strategies,

programs process
MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES
Multivariate Technique Purpose of Technique
1. Descriptive multivariate methods Data exploration; identifying patterns and relationships
2. Principal Component Analysis Dimension reduction by forming new variables (the principal
components) as linear combinations of the variables in the
multivariate set.
3. Cluster Analysis Identification of natural groupings amongst cases or variables
4. Factor Analysis Modeling the correlation structure among variables in the

multivariate response set by relating them to a set of common
factors.
5. Multivariate Analysis of Variance Extending the univariate analysis of variance to the simultaneous
study of several variates. The aim is to partition the total sum of
squares and cross-products matrix amongst a set of variates
according to the experimental design structure.
MULTIVARIATE TECHNIQUES
6. Discriminant Analysis Determining a function that enables two or more groups of
individuals to be separated on the basis of multiple responses
on all individuals in the groups.
7. Canonical Correlation Analysis Studying the relationship between two groups. It involves
forming pairs of linear combinations of the variables in the
multivariate set so that each pair in turn, produces the highest
correlation between individuals in the two groups.
8. Multidimensional Scaling Constructing a “map” showing a spatial relationship between a

number of objects, starting from a table of distances between
the objects.
Descriptive Models Multivariate Models
Discriminant Models Cluster Models

FUZZY MODEL
Fuzzy logic is derived from ‘Fuzzy Set Theory’ dealing with reasoning that is
approximate rather than precisely deduced from classical predicate logic.
It can be thought of as the application side of fuzzy set theory dealing with well
thought out real world expert values for a complex problem (Klir 1997).
Degrees of truth are often confused with probabilities. However, they are
conceptually distinct; fuzzy truth represents membership in vaguely defined sets,
not likelihood of some event or condition.
FUZZY ANALYSIS
Fuzzy logic is a superset of conventional (Boolean) logic that has
been extended to handle the concept of partial truth - truth values
between "completely true" and "completely false". It is the logic
underlying modes of reasoning which are approximate rather than
exact.
In fuzzy logic, exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting

case of approximate reasoning.
In fuzzy logic everything is a matter of degree.
Any logical system can be fuzzified
In fuzzy logic, knowledge is interpreted as a collection of
elastic or, equivalently , fuzzy constraint on a collection of
variables
Inference is viewed as a process of propagation of elastic
constraints
FUZZY ANALYSIS
The Temp. of a Room

FUZZY ANALYSIS
Fuzzy Sets to Characterize the Temp. of a Room

FUZZY SET OPERATIONS
UNION
The membership function of the Union of two fuzzy sets A and B with
membership functions µA and µB respectively is defined as the maximum of
the two individual membership functions. This is called the maximum criterion.
The Union operation in Fuzzy set theory is the equivalent of the OR operation in
Boolean algebra.
FUZZY ANALYSIS
INTERSECTION
The membership function of the Intersection of two fuzzy sets A and B with membership functions
respectively is defined as the minimum of the two individual membership functions. This is called
the minimum criterion.
The Intersection operation in Fuzzy set theory is the equivalent of the AND operation in Boolean algebra.
FUZZY ANALYSIS
The membership function of the Complement of a Fuzzy set A with membership function
is defined as the negation of the specified membership function. This is called the
negation criterion.
The Complement operation in Fuzzy set theory is the equivalent of the NOT operation in Boolean algebra.
FUZZY ANALYSIS
The common rules in classical set theory also apply to Fuzzy set theory.
De Morgans law
,
Associativity
,
Commutativity
Distributivity
,
INTERPOLATION MODELS
I) LINEAR
II) BI-LINEAR
III) INVERSE DISTANCE WEIGHTED
IV) KRIGING
V) QUITIC
VI) TREND
VII) SPLINE
SPATIAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM AND MULTI CRITERIA MODELS
D
E
C
I
S
I
O WHAT TO DO AND WHAT NOT DO WITH
N
GEOINFORMTICS TECHNOLOGY ?
M
A
K
I
N
G
Subhan_kp@sac.isro.gov.in

Multi Criteria Modelling in Gis

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Multi Criteria Modelling in Gis

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

MULTI CRITERIA MODELLING IN GIS

Transport services G IS Agriculture

Pension, DCRG, Commutation,

Connecting ‘N’ number of objects

PARCEL BASED CENSUS

TAXONOMY OF INFORMATION SYSTEM

DATA - ? Alpha or Numeric

Punya Vishaya city -- Year 937

Punya Vishaya (Pune) city found in the Year 937

An integration of ‘People, Process and

KM TOOLS - Notes , Documentation, Live link and Fulcrum

Transparency, Speed, Less Cost and Man power

Remote Sensing and GIS technology have offered a great

They also offer appropriate technology for data management,

In many cases now the problem is not lack of

For improved decision-making, the required information, tools,

SDSS provide insight in to the tradeoffs between various

A DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM

Source : Cowen, 1988

Principles and components of multiple-criteria decision

Multiple-criteria evaluation methods/techniques.

Theory and practice of spatial multiple criteria evaluation

Application of spatial multiple-criteria evaluation method

Application of the above techniques in case studies

DATA MODEL : A procedure used to convert the geographic

Lines and points are Space filling GIS

TELLS WHAT OCCURS TELLS WHERE EVERYTH-

IT SUFFERS TO REPRE- IT IS PRECISE AND HAS NO

POINTS, LINES, POLY-

It is a COGNITIVE PROCESS leading to the selection

Every decision making process produces a final choice.

It begins when we need to do something but know not

Decision making is a reasoning process which can be

Where to go for SHOPPING ?

Decide what or whom to VOTE ?

Analytic Hierarchy Process - procedure for multi-level goal hierarchy

Buyer decision processes - transaction before, during, and after a

Complex systems - common behavioural and structural features that

Cost-benefit analysis - process of weighing the total expected costs vs.

Control-Ethics, a decision making framework that balances the tensions

Grid Analysis - analysis done by comparing the weighted averages of

Linear programming - optimization problems in which the objective function

Morphological analysis - all possible solutions to a multi-dimensional

 Paired Comparison Analysis : Paired choice analysis

 Pareto Analysis : selection of a limited of number of tasks that produce significant

 Satisfying : In decision-making, satisfying explains the tendency to select the first

 Scenario analysis : process of analyzing possible future events

 Six Thinking Hats : symbolic process for parallel thinking

 Strategic planning process : applying the objectives, SWOTs, strategies,

4. Factor Analysis Modeling the correlation structure among variables in the

8. Multidimensional Scaling Constructing a “map” showing a spatial relationship between a

Descriptive Models Multivariate Models

Discriminant Models Cluster Models

In fuzzy logic, exact reasoning is viewed as a limiting

The Temp. of a Room

Fuzzy Sets to Characterize the Temp. of a Room

You might also like