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MECHANICS
• Solids
– tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern
– retains a fixed volume and shape
– not easily compressible
– doesn’t easily flow
Liquids
close together with no regular arrangement
assumes the shape of the part of the container which it
occupies
not easily compressible, flow easily
Gas
well separated with no regular arrangement
assumes the shape of the part of the container
easily compressible, flow easily
Fluid dynamics
• Continuity equation
• Bernoulli’s equation
ρ=
Blood 1.060 x 103
Seawater 1.024 x 103
V Styrofoam
Gold
1 x 102
19.3 x 103
Units :
• Density may vary from point to point
1 kg/m = 10 g/cm
3 -3 3
ρ material
ρ SG =
ρ water
F⊥
p=
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
1 atm = 101 325 Pa
A = 760 Torr
=1013 mbar
p = p0 + ρgh
p = pressure at a some depth h
po = pressure at the surface (or the atmosphere)
ρ = density of the fluid
ρ gh = gauge pressure
p(y)
p = p0 + ρ 2 gh p = p0 + ρ1 g ( h − d )
p0 + ρ 2 gh = p0 + ρ1 g ( h − d ) h−d < h
ρ 2 h = ρ1 ( h − d ) ρ 2 = ρ1
( h−d)
ρ 2 < ρ1
h
Chapter 14 Fluid pressure 11
hpo WHY?
−
gρ o
p = p0 e (i) The gravitational force on air
molecules is greater for those
near the earth’s surface, dragging
them closer together and
increasing the pressure between
them.
“Pressure applied to an
enclosed fluid is transmitted
undiminished to every portion of By adding more weight at
the fluid and to the walls of the the top, the pressure also
increases proportionally
containing vessel.” within the fluid.
A1 p is transmitted F2 F1
through the larger p= =
piston
A2 A1
200 kg
40 kg
A1 A2 = 20m2
P − Patm = ρg ( y2 − y1 ) = ρgh
Pgauge = ρgh
hH2O hmercury
mg FB
Higher Pressure
Chapter 14 Buoyancy 23
Compare the magnitude of tension on the
Example: string for the three cases.
A B C
m
ρf
Chapter 14 Buoyancy 24
Question:
Based on the summation of forces, therefore, what makes an
object sink, float or hover?
Chapter 14 Buoyancy 25
Examples:
• Fishes and their air sacs
• Life vests
• Ice cubes
• Boats/ships
Chapter 14 Buoyancy 26
Example:
What fraction of the iceberg afloat in seawater is visible from
the surface?
Viceberg = total volume of iceberg
= Vsub
Chapter 14 Buoyancy 27
Example:
You have found a treasure chest afloat
at sea! To keep it, though, from other
pirates coming your way, you jumped on
the water and stood on top of the chest.
What should your mass be to be able
to keep the chest totally submerged
in water while keeping you afloat?
Chapter 14 Buoyancy 28
Problem set 11.2:
Three children, each of weight 36 kg, make a log raft by
lashing together logs of diameter 0.3 m and length 1.8 m.
How many logs will be needed to keep them afloat? Consider
the density of wood to be 842 kg/m3.
Minimum requirement is for the logs to be completely submerged, but the children
standing on them are not.
Chapter 14 Buoyancy 29
Fluid dynamics
• We will only consider fluids that are:
• Non-viscous
(no internal friction)
• Incompressible
(constant density)
• Steady/ non-turbulent
(P, V and flow velocity are
constant in time)
What’s in store for us?
Chapter 14
30
Continuity equation
Ideal fluids obey continuity equation.
Conservation of Mass: “What goes in comes out”
Volume
flow rate ρA1v1 = ρA2 v2 (Incompressible Fluids)
P2, V2
v1 A2
P1, V1
A1
v2 y2
y1
1 2
p + ρv + ρgy = constant
2 (For ideal (incompressible) fluid)
1 1
p1 + ρ1v1 + ρ1 gy1 = p2 + ρ 2 v2 + ρ 2 gy 2
2 2
2 2
1 2 1 2
p1 + ρv1 + ρgy1 = p2 + ρv2 + ρgy2
2 2
=0
p2 = p1 − ρg ( y2 − y1 )
Same with what we have derived before for static fluid.
i.e. since the pressure at a higher elevation y2 is less than
at lower depth y1
1 2 1 2
p1 + ρv1 + ρgy1 = p2 + ρv2 + ρgy2
2 2
y2 – y1 =0
1 2 1 2
p1 + ρv1 = p2 + ρv2
2 2
higher
velocity
lower
pressure
lower
velocity
higher
pressure