BASIC RADIOLOGY

DR. BANGUN NUSANTORO, SP.RAD

Radiology
Medical imaging

techniques and processes used to create images of the human body

RADIOGRAPHY
Radiographs / Roentgenographs
named after the discoverer of X-rays 8 November 1895 Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (1845 1923) often used for evaluation of bony structures and soft tissue

Figure 1. Diagram of a standard x-ray tube

Taking an X-ray image with early Crookes tube apparatus, late 1800s.

Wilhelm Conrad Rntgen (18451923)

X-ray equipmentS

X-ray equipments

X- RAYS DEFINITION
A relatively high-energy photon having a

wavelength in the approximate range from 0.01 to 10 nanometers. A stream of such photons, used for their penetrating power in radiography, radiology, radiotherapy, and scientific research. Often used in the plural. Also called roentgen ray. A photograph taken with x-rays.

These previously unknown rays (hence the X) were found to be a type of electromagnetic radiation.

Fluoroscopy, computed tomography (1970s), mammography, ultrasound (1970s), and magnetic resonance imaging (1980s).

Sources
X-ray photons

Sealed X-ray tubes

Betatrons,

Linear accelerators (linacs)

Gamma rays

Gamma rays, Radioactive sources such as Ir -192

have been used.

GRADAtion DENSITy of X-RAY FILM

Very Radiolucent Gas Moderately radiolucent Fatty Tissue Intermediate Connective tissue Muscle tissue Cartilago Epithelium Cholesterol stones Uric Acid stones Moderately Radiopaqe Bones Calsium salt Very Radiopaqe Heavy metals

CONTRAST AGENTS
Three type of contrast agents :
Positive contrast agents : Barium sulphate,

Organic Iodine.
Negative contrast agenst : Oxigen, Air, Helium Double contrast

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF X-RAY EXPOSURE

Early effects : Chemical changes structure or function of constituent cells.
Delayed effects, such as cancer, may also

occur ultimately as a result of DNA damage produced by the radiation in surviving cells. Earliest visual indications of a high radiation dose erythema or skin reddening

BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF X-RAY EXPOSURE

The threshold dose

300 rads (3.0 Gray)

The effect erythema occurs within a day of the exposure and then

disappears.
The effect may recur 8-14 days later

pain in the affected tissue.

After a few days, the skin may return to its normal appearance but

remain highly sensitive.

For doses in excess of 5000 rads (50 Gray)

blood flow problems

atrophy and ulcerations.

may eventually require the amputation of fingers or major portions

of the hand.

Occupational Dose Limits for External Exposures to Ionizing Radiation.

Quarterly Whole body; head and trunk; lens of eye; gonads Hands and forearms; feet and ankles Skin of the whole body 1.25 rems 18.75 rems 7.5 rems Annual 5 rems 18.75 rems 30 rems

RADIATION PROTECTION
Time
Three factors

Distance

Shielding

ALARA : "As Low As Reasonably Achievable".

Stomach (single contrast)

Colon (single contrast)

Colon (double contrast)

IVU

X-RAY

FOR

K IDNEY

STONES

Hysterosalpingography

Inguinal and iliac lymph nodes and vessels (lymphography)

SELAMAT BELAJAR