Review: Three Dimensional Coordinate System

(Negative)
Directed line segment:
2 1
_________
P P
Magnitude
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
_________
2 1
z z y y x x r
P P
+ + = =
Direction
from P
1
to P
2

initial coordinates = (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
final coordinates = (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
)
Direction cosines:
cos u
x
where u
x
is angle with respect to positive x direction
cos u
y
where u
y
is angle with respect to positive y direction
cos u
z
where u
z
is angle with respect to positive z direction
Direction
from P
1
to P
2

initial coordinates = (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
final coordinates = (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
)
( )
r
x x
x
1 2
cos

= u
( )
r
y y
y
1 2
cos

= u
( )
r
z z
z
1 2
cos

= u
Example 1
A particle of mass m
1
is attracted to another
mass m
2
. Calculate the magnitude and
direction of the gravitational force of
attraction exerted on m
1
by m
2
.
magnitude Coordinates (cm)
m
1
250 gms P
1
(-3, 4, 1)
m
2
375 gms P
2
( 2, - 5, - 6 )
Direction is P
1
to P
2
since m
1
is attracted towards m
2

( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
m 10 55 . 1 cm 155 7 9 5
1 6 4 5 3 2

= = + + =
+ + =
+ + =
x
z z y y x x r
m 1245 . 0 m 10 55 . 1 : Check
m 0.1245 cm 45 . 12 cm 155
2 2
2
= =
= = =

x r
r
( ) ( )
0 1 -
x
32 . 66
45 . 12
3 2
cos so
45 . 12
3 2
cos =

=

= u u
x
( ) ( )
0 1 -
x
29 . 136
45 . 12
4 5
cos so
45 . 12
4 5
cos =

=

= u u
y
( ) ( )
0 1 -
x
21 . 124
45 . 12
1 6
cos so
45 . 12
1 6
cos =

=

= u u
z
pN nN N x
m x
kg kg
kg
m
N x
r
m m
G F
403 403 . 0 10 03 . 4
10 55 . 1
) 375 . 0 )( 250 . 0 (
10 67 . 6
10
2 2 2
2
11
2
2 1
12
= = =
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =

Magnitude
Components
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) N 10 27 . 2 21 . 124 cos 10 03 . 4 cos
N 10 91 . 2 29 . 136 cos 10 03 . 4 cos
N 10 62 . 1 32 . 66 cos 10 03 . 4 cos
10 0 10
12 12
10 0 10
12 12
10 0 10
12 12



= = =
= = =
= = =
x x F F
x x F F
x x F F
z z
y y
x x
u
u
u
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) k j i
k j i F

N 10 27 . 2

N 10 9 . 2

N 10 62 . 1

N 10 27 . 2

N 10 9 . 2

N 10 62 . 1
10 10 10
10 10 10
12
+ + =
=


x x x
x x x

Example 2. Given are the following

charges and their respective locations:






Calculate the resultant force exerted on q
1

by q
2
and q
3

Charge Magnitude Location (in cm)
q
1
+2.5 C P
1
(-2, 4, -3)
q
2
-3.6 C P
2
( 5, -1, -2)
q
3
+1.8 C P
3
( 3, 2, 6)
Solution: from superposition principle:



Solve for F
12




q
1
will be attracted to q
2
(opposite signs)
so direction of F
12
is P
1
to P
2

( ) ( ) ( )k j i
F F F F

....
14 13 12 1

+ + =
+ + + =
z y x
F F F

q
1
+2.5 C P
1
(-2, 4, -3)
q
2
-3.6 C P
2
( 5, -1, -2)
q
1
+2.5 C P
1
(-2, 4, -3)
q
2
-3.6 C P
2
( 5, -1, -2)
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 3 2 4 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 2
2
12
m 10 5 . 7 m 10 75 cm 75 1 5 7
3 2 4 1 2 5


= = = + + =
+ + =
+ + =
x x
z z y y x x r
( ) ( )
0 1 -
x
07 . 36
66 . 8
2 5
cos so
66 . 8
2 5
cos =

=

= u u
x
m 0.0866 cm 66 . 8 cm 75
2
12
= = = r
( ) ( )
0 1 -
y
27 . 125
66 . 8
4 1
cos so
66 . 8
4 1
cos =

=

= u u
y
( ) ( )
0 1 -
z
37 . 83
66 . 8
3 2
cos so
66 . 8
3 2
cos =

=

= u u
z
N
m x
C x C x
C
m
N x
r
q q
k F
79 . 10
10 5 . 7
) 10 6 . 3 )( 10 5 . 2 (
10 99 . 8
2 3
6 6
2
2
9
2
12
2 1
12
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =


Magnitude
Components
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) N 25 . 1 37 . 83 cos 79 . 10 cos
N 23 . 6 27 . 125 cos 79 . 10 cos
N 72 . 8 07 . 36 cos 79 . 10 cos
0
12 12
0
12 12
0
12 12
= = =
= = =
= = =
z z
y y
x x
F F
F F
F F
u
u
u
( ) ( ) ( )k j i F

N 25 . 1

N 23 . 6

N 72 . 8
12
+ =

Solve for F
13
:
q
1
will be repelled by q
3
(like charges, same sign)
So direction of F
13
is P
3
to P
1

q
1
+2.5 C P
1
(-2, 4, -3)
q
3
+1.8 C P
3
( 3, 2, 6)
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
( ) ( ) ( ) | |
2 2 2 4 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
3 1
2
3 1
2
3 1
2
13
m 10 10 . 1 m 10 110 cm 110 9 2 5
6 3 2 4 3 2


= = = + + =
+ + =
+ + =
x x
z z y y x x r
m 0.1049 cm 49 . 10 cm 110
2
13
= = = r
( ) ( )
0 1 -
x
47 . 118
49 . 10
3 2
cos so
49 . 10
3 2
cos =

=

= u u
x
( ) ( )
0 1 -
y
01 . 79
49 . 10
2 4
cos so
49 . 10
2 4
cos =

= u u
y
( ) ( )
0 1 -
z
09 . 149
49 . 10
6 3
cos so
49 . 10
6 3
cos =

=

= u u
z
N
m x
C x C x
C
m
N x
r
q q
k F
68 . 3
10 10 . 1
) 10 8 . 1 )( 10 5 . 2 (
10 99 . 8
2 2
6 6
2
2
9
2
12
2 1
13
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =


Magnitude
Components
( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) N 16 . 3 09 . 149 cos 68 . 3 cos
N 70 . 0 01 . 79 cos 68 . 3 cos
N 75 . 1 47 . 118 cos 68 . 3 cos
0
13 13
0
13 13
0
13 13
= = =
= = =
= = =
z z
y y
x x
F F
F F
F F
u
u
u
( ) ( ) ( )k j i F

N 16 . 3

N 70 . 0

N 75 . 1
12
+ =

F
x
F
y
F
z

F
12
8.75 -6.23 1.25
F
13
-1.75 0.70 -3.16
Sum 7.00 -5.53 -1.91
( ) ( ) ( )k j i F

N 91 . 1

N 53 . 5

N 00 . 7 =
net

( ) ( ) ( ) | | N 12 . 9 91 . 1 53 . 5 7.00 F
2 / 1
2 2 2
= + + =