JAIPUR

SEDIMENTATION IN RESERVOIRS by VINAY CHANDWANI E.E., WRD

INTRODUCTION
Sedimentation of reservoirs is a natural phenomenon

and is a matter of vital concern for storage projects in meeting the various demands, like irrigation, hydroelectric power, flood control, etc, since it affects the useful capacity of the reservoirs based on which the projects are expected to be productive for a design period. Further the sediment deposition adds to the forces on structures in dams, spillways, etc.

INTRODUCTION
The rate of sedimentation will depend largely on the

annual sediment load carried by the stream and the extent to which the same will be retained in the reservoir. This in turn, depends upon a number of factors; such as the area and nature of the catchment, landuse pattern (cultivation practices, grazing, logging, construction activities and conservation practices ), rainfall pattern, storage capacity, period of storage in relation to the sediment load of the stream, particle size distribution in the suspended sediment, channel hydraulics, location and size of sluices, outlet works, configuration of the reservoir, and the method and purpose of releases through the dam.

INTRODUCTION
Sedimentation in dams reservoir is one of the main

problems facing too many dams worldwide. According to the report published by International Committee of Large Dams (ICOLD), over 40,000 large dams exists in the world with a total storage capacity of 7,000 billion m3, operated for different purposes such as water supply, hydroelectric power generation and flood control. On the other hand, an average rate of 0.5 to 1 % of their storage capacity is lost each year due to sedimentation.

INTRODUCTION
The growth of the dam development was intense during 1960 to 1980 as

shown in Figure. The new dam development since 2000 is significantly less; however the loss of storage capacity is very high. It shows that about 1 000 km3 of volume will be lost by 2020, which is about 15% of the current gross available storage.

INTRODUCTION
Reports produced by United Nations Environmental Programme

(UNEP) show that the total global sediment discharge is about 14 x 109tonnes/year (UNEP, 2003). Figure shows the suspended sediment discharge per region, which demonstrates that Asia with Pacific Oceanic Islands contributes nearly 70% of the sediment delivery to the worlds oceans and seas.

INTRODUCTION

SEDIMENT FORMATION
Weathering of rocks chemical and physical process by which rocks break down into smaller particles. Erosion detachment and transport of weathered material from one location to another. Sediment Yield is the amount of eroded sediment discharged by a stream at any given point; it is the total amount of fluvial sediment exported by the watershed tributary to a measurement point and is the parameter of primary concern in reservoir studies.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT

Bed Load Material that moves along the bottom of the channel (by rolling) as a result of shear stress created by vertical velocity gradients in the streamflow. Suspended Bed Material bed material that suspended by action of turbulence. Load becomes

Wash Load fine material that is carried by the flow in suspension, but is not represented in the bed material

STORAGE ZONES OF A RESERVOIR

STORAGE ZONES OF A RESERVOIR

Full Reservoir Level (FRL): It is the level corresponding

to the storage which includes both inactive and active storages and also the flood storage, if provided for. In fact, this is the highest reservoir level that can be maintained without spillway discharge or without passing water downstream through sluice ways. Minimum Drawdown Level (MDDL): It is the level below which the reservoir will not be drawn down so as to maintain a minimum head required in power projects.

STORAGE ZONES OF A RESERVOIR

Dead Storage Level (DSL): Below the level, there are no

outlets to drain the water in the reservoir by gravity. Live storage: This is the storage available for the intended purpose between Full Supply Level and the Invert Level of the lowest discharge outlet. This may also be termed as the volume of water actually available at any time between the Dead Storage Level and the lower of the actual water level and Full Reservoir Level. Zero Elevation Level : The level up to which all the available capacity of the reservoir was or is expected to be lost due to progressive sedimentation of the reservoir up to the specified time.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION

Loss of Storage: The reduction of the active storage capacity which may reduce the capability of the reservoir to deliver the benefits. It may reduce availability of firm water in marginal years by increase in both the number and quantum of failures. Sedimentation at or near the dam face may tend to block

the outlet causing difficulties in operation of the gates. Sedimentation up to intake of the outlet may induce more sediment to be carried through the conservation outlets, thus causing problems of sedimentation of canals, machinery parts, etc.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION

Sediment accumulation at the dam-face may increase the

loading on the masonry/concrete dam structure beyond what has been provided for. Sedimentation in upper portion of the reservoir may change the back water profile from what it would have been put for sedimentation. The increase in flood levels upstream of the reservoir may cause additional submergence, formation of marshy lands, etc. The river regime at the entry to the reservoir may get affected due to sediment deposits. Delta formation and braided river pattern may result and this may be unsightly. Tree growth in the delta lends increase evapotranspiration.

PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION

The process of sedimentation in reservoirs may also

increase the turbidity of water resulting in the environment problems like deterioration of water quality and reduction of visibility in the reservoir water for fish survival.

PLANNING OF RESERVOIRS : EFFECT OF SEDIMENTATION

Reservoirs are national assets created for economic

development with large investments. They have traditionally been planned, designed, and operated on the assumption that they have a certain life but still it is very essential that such reservoirs continue to give economic benefit as envisaged at the planning stage Storage reservoirs built across rivers and streams loose their capacity on account of deposition of sediment. This deposition which takes place progressively in time reduces the active capacity of the reservoir. Accumulation of sediment at or near the dam may interfere with the future functioning of water intakes and hence affects decisions regarding location and height of various outlets.

PLANNING OF RESERVOIRS : EFFECT OF SEDIMENTATION

Assessment of reservoir sedimentation problem, in a

particular case, may be made by comparing the expected average annual volume of sediment deposition with the gross capacity of the reservoir. If ratio is more than 0.5 percent per year, the problem is usually said to be serious and special care is required in estimating the sediment yields from the catchment. If it is less than 0.1 percent per year, the problem of siltation may be insignificant and changes in reservoir capacity ran be neglected for studies of reservoir performance. For cases falling between these two limits, the sedimentation problem is considered significant and requires further studies.

LIFE OF RESERVOIR
Feasible Service Time: It is estimated as the time

after which the new zero elevation of the reservoir would equal the sill of the outlet relevant for the purpose. Full Service Time: For a specified purpose, the period or notional period for which the reservoir provided is expected to provide, a part of the full planned benefit inspite of sedimentation.

LIFE OF RESERVOIR
The term life of reservoir denotes the period during which

whole or a specified fraction of its total or active capacity is lost. Full service time shall not be less than 50 years after the start of operation. Feasible service time shall not be less than 100 years after the start of operation. For hydro-power projects expected to supply power to a community, in isolation the feasible and full service time shall be the same as for the irrigation projects. For hydro-power projects supplying power to a grid, full service time shall not be less than 25 years. Feasible service time shall not be less than 70 years.

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

REFER CODE IS:5477 (Part II) DATA REQUIRED FULL TANK LEVEL (F.T.L) CATCHMENT AREA (sq.km or sq.mile) SEDIMENTATION RATE (ha-m/sq.km/year Mcft/sq.mile/year) CAPACITY AREA ELELEVATION CURVE

or

AREA IN HECTARES (Ha) CAPACITY IN Ha-M ELEVATION- Metres

LIFE OF RESERVOIR (years)

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

REFER CODE IS:5477 (Part-II)
FROM SEDIMENATION STUDIES COMPUTE THE

RATE OF SEDIMENTATION USUALLY RATE OF SEDIMENTATION IS EXPRESSED IN mm/year, Ha-m/Sq.Km/Year or Mcft/Sq.Mile/Year. Ha-m/Sq.Km/Year= 104/106 = 1/100 m/year or 0.01 x 1000 mm/year = 10 mm/year or 1 mm/year = 0.1 Ham/Sq.Km/Year

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

CALCULATE THE TRAP EFFICIENCY BY BRUNES

CURVES (REFER IS: 12182)

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

TRAP EFFICIENCY: Trap efficiency of a reservoir, over

a period is the ratio of the total deposited sediment to the total sediment inflow.

Calculate capacity at FRL (C) Annual Inflow (I) or yield Evaluate C/I ratio Using Median Curve Relation 100*0.97 (0.19^LOG(C/I)), compute the % trap efficiency of the reservoir.

Choose Life of Reservoir in years (Normally analysis is

done for 50 years, 70 years & 100 years)

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

Evaluate seriousness of sedimentation in the reservoir Total Sedimentation (S) per year in Ha-m

Trap Efficiency (%) * Area of Reservoir (Ha-m) * Life of Reservoir (Years) * Sedimentation Rate (Ha-m/sq.km/year). Evaluate Ratio S/C ; C is the capacity at FRL If ratio S/C >= 0.5 then problem is serious If ratio S/C <= 0.1 then problem is insignificant If 0.1 < S/C < 0.5 then problem is significant

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

From Capacity-Area Elevation Curve arrange Area

(Ha) and Capacity (Ha-m) in decreasing order starting from FRL.

Inflow I =59.74 Mcum Capacity at FRL (C) = 58.29 Mcum For this case Trap efficiency = 96.9742% Sedimentation Rate =0.1 Ha-m/Sq.Km/year or 1 mm/year Area of Reservoir= 390 sq.Km Life of Reservoir = 70 years Total Sedimentation= 3780.94 Ha-m

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

BY

EMPIRICAL REDUCTION METHOD

AREA

CHOOSE A NEW ZERO ELEVATION LEVEL BETWEEN NSL AND FRL. LET US CHOOSE NEW ZERO ELEVATION AS 375.15 metre INTERPOLATE CAPACITY AND AREA FOR THIS NEW ZER ELV. AND TABULATE THEM AS SHOWN. CALCULATE DEPTH OF RESERVOIR SUCCESSIVELY FROM NSL TO FRL. DRAW A LOG-LOG GRAPH FOR DEPTH OF RESERVOIR VERSUS CAPACITY FIND THE SLOPE OF THIS LOG-LOG GRAPH.

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

Empirical Area Reduction Method
This method is based on the analysis of data of sediment

distribution. In this method, reservoirs are classified into four types, namely, (a) gorge, (b) hill, (c) flood plainfoot hill, and (d) lake, based on the ratio of the reservoir capacity to the reservoir depth plotted on a log-log scale.

The equation for the design curve used is:

Ap = Cpm(1 -pn)

Where Ap = a non-dimensional relative area at relative distance p above the stream bed, and C, m and n= non-dimensional constants which have been fixed depending on the type of reservoir.

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

CLASSIFY THE RESERVOIR

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

AREA DESIGN CURVES

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

Calculate Ap for assumed new zero elevation i.e for RL

375.15 m, where p = 0.76. For this value of p evaluate Ap by using curve for Type II (Flood Plain) Reservoir, Ap = 1.1795 compute K= Area at New Zero Elevation/Ap; K = 472.723 Once K is evaluated, multiply it with Ap at each reservoir elevation to get the sediment area in hectares.

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

h A1 A2 2

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

For this case Trap efficiency = 96.9742% Sedimentation Rate =0.1 Ha-m/Sq.Km/year or 1 mm/year Area of Reservoir= 390 sq.Km Life of Reservoir = 70 years Total Sedimentation= 3780.94 Ha-m % Difference between expected sedimentation and computed sedimentation = (3780.94-3749.17)/3780.94*100 =0.8402% < 1.0% HENCE CHOSEN NEW ZERO ELEVATION IS CORRECT

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

ASSESSING THE NEW ZERO ELEVATION OF A RESERVOIR

Capacity-Elevation Curve RAJGARH MIP Life of Reservoir= 70 Years Original
382

Revised

ELEVATION metres

377

372

367

362

357 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

CAPACITY in Ha-metres

HOW TO CONTROL SEDIMENTATION ?

Use of check dams formed by building small barriers

or dykes across stream channels.

They help arrest degradation of stream bed thereby

arresting the slope failure; They reduce the veIocity of stream flow, thereby causing the deposition of the sediment load.

Contour Bunding and Trenching By these methods the hill side is split up into small compartments on which the rain is retained and surface run-off is modified with prevention of soil erosion.

HOW TO CONTROL SEDIMENTATION ?

Gully Plugging This is done by small rock fill dams. These dams will be effective in filling up the gullies with sediment coming from the upstream of the catchment and also prevent further widening of the gully. Scouring Sluices Scouring sluicing depends for its efficiency on either the scouring action exerted by the sudden rush of impounded water under a high head through under sluices or on the scouring action of high flood discharge coming into the reservoir.

HOW TO CONTROL SEDIMENTATION ?

Scouring Sluices Small power dams that depend to a great extent on pondage but not on storage; Small irrigation reservoirs, where only a small fraction of the total annual flow can be stored; Any reservoir in narrow channels, gorges, etc, where water wastage can be afforded; and When the particular reservoir under treatment is a unit in an interconnected system so that the other reservoirs can supply the water needed.

REMOVAL OF DEPOSITED SEDIMENT

Excavation The method involves draining most of or all the water in the basin and removing the sediment by hand or power operated shovel, dragline scraper or other mechanical means. The excavation of silt and clay which constitute most of the material in larger reservoirs is more difficult than the excavation of sand and gravel. Dredging This involves the removal of deposits from the bottom of a reservoir and their conveyance to some other point by mechanical or hydraulic means, while water storage is being maintained.

REMOVAL OF DEPOSITED SEDIMENT

Draining and Flushing The method involves relatively slow release of all stored water in a reservoir through gates or valves located near bottom of the dam and the maintenance thereafter of open outlets for a shorter or longer period. Sluicing with Controlled Water controlled water supply permits choosing the time of sluicing more advantageously and that the water may be directed more effectively against the sediment deposits.

REMOVAL OF DEPOSITED SEDIMENT

Sluicing with Hydraulics and Mechanical Agitation Methods that stir up, break up or move deposits of a sediment into a stream current moving through a drained reservoir basin or into a full reservoir will tend to make the removal of sediment from the reservoir more complete.

REFER IS: 6518-1992 CODE OF PRACTICE FOR CONTROL OF SEDIMENT IN RESERVOIRS FOR FURTHER DETAILS.

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