FEA

Beam elements
Ex 4.12
(
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

+ +
+ +
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

=
12
6
6 36
8 4
12 6
12 6 24 12
4
6 12
2
6
4
6 12 6 12
2 2 2
2
2 2
L
L L
L L
L L L L
L L
L
L L L L
L
EI
K
e

(
(
(

=
) , cos( ) , cos( ) , cos(
) , cos( ) , cos( ) , cos(
) , cos( ) , cos( ) , cos(
z Z y Z x Z
z Y y Y x Y
z X y X x X
T

EI=10^7
L =100
=0.01
P =1.0
Transformation Matrix
Ex 4.13
(

=
= =
1 1
1 1
, 2
4 1 3
i
i
i
l
EA
k
u u u o
U T U
U
T U
=
(
(
(

(
(
(
(

=
(
(
(
(

4
2
1
4
3
2
1
1 0 0
0 0 2
0 1 0
0 0 1
) 46 . 4 (
u
u
u
u
u
u
u
i i ii ii
e v R v E E
*
) ( ) ( &
Method Penalty ) 47 . 4 (
o o o + = + + = K K KT T K
T
4.2.3 Generalized Coordinate Models for Specific Problems
o
| | | | o o o o o
| | | |
o o o o
u =
=
+ + + =
+ + + =
u
xy y x y x v
xy y x y x u
T
] [
) , (
) , (
4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
Polynomials are used to approximate disp since they are easy to differentiate
to get strain. (The higher the degree the better the approx )
More effective FE are isoparametric formulation.
Choice of mathematical models ; i.e, each element as bar, beam, plate, solid
In Ex. 4.6
= = =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
+ + + =
) , , ( , ) , , ( , ) , , ( :
) , ( :
) (
) ( :
) ( :
2
5 4 3 2 1
2
5 4 3 2 1
2
5 4 3 2 1
2
3 2 1
z y x w z y x v z y x u Solid
x xy y x y x w bending plate
x xy y x x v
x xy y x x u membrane
x x x u bar

| | | | |
o o o o o
o o o
3 2 2 3
2 2
1
y xy y x x
y xy x
y x
Elementary Beam
(Technical)
dx
dx
w d EI
dx
du EA
}
)
`

+ =
L
0
2
2
2
2
) (
2
) (
2
U
Beam Elementary
|
|
|
=
)
`

+ + =
}
dx
dw
dx
dx
dw kGA
dx
d EI
dx
du EA
L
0
2 2 2
) (
2
) (
2
) (
2
U
Beam o Timoschenk
Kirchhoff Plate
Timoshenko Beam
Reissner-Mindlin Plate
Shear correction factor : k
Kirchhoff theory
- Shear deformations are neglected.
- The straight line remains normal to the midsurface during deformation.
Reissner Mindlin theory
- Shear deformation are included.
- The straight line remains straight and in general not normal to the midsurface
during deformation.
Flat rectangular shell element :
cood. local in matrix stiffness shell :
cood. local in matrix stiffness bending :
cood. local in matrix stiffness membrane : where
0
0
B) n (
~
12 12
~
8 8
~
20 20
+

(
(
(

=
s
B
M
B
M
s
K
K
K
K
K
K
For more whose adjacent element is almost coplanar such as folded plate or
curved shell , the stiffness matrix is singular or ill-conditioned. Therefore it is
difficult to solve for equilibrium. To avoid this problem, add a small stiffness is
in direction, i.e ,
z
u
1000 1
0
0
~
*
~
to k
kI
K
K
s
s =
(
(

=
'

0 0
0
~
20 20
~
24 24
*
4 4
~
20 20
~
24 24
*

=
(
(
(

=
T K T K
K
K
s
T
s
s
s
k Factors for various Cross Sections ( Cowper ,G.R., J of applied mechanics , June, 1966,p335)
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

=
(
(
(

= + =
(
(
(

= + =
} }
} }
2
1
2
1
0
2
0
2
1
2
1
1
0
2 2
0
1 1
0
2 2 2
0
1 1 1
, :
520
670
150
3
Mass Lumped
1024 366 0
336 584 100
0 100 200
6
Mass Consistent
2 1
2 1
m m dx A m dx A m
dx A H H dx A H H
l l
l
T
l
T

M
M
4.2.4 Lumping of Structure Properties and Loads

}
= =
V
B T
B
T
V
dV f H R HdV H M ,
Ex 4. 21
Analyses with and without Consistent Loading
4.3 Convergence of Analysis Results
A FE solution should converge as the number of elements is increased to the
analytical solution of the DE of mathematical model.
monotonic convergence
Errors : Round-off, time integration, iteractive, mode selection, linearization,
discretization
( )
0 ) , ( ) , a(
size element as Denote
) , (
2
1
, : ) , (

= e =
+ =
} } }
h as u u a u u
h
u u a SE Z u u l u u a
dV f u ds f u dV
h h
s V
B T s s
V
T
f
f
T
f
t c
PVW
Monotonic convergence : Elements must be complete

and compatible

complete : Displacements of FE should represent the rigid body
displacement and the constant strain state
compatible : Displacements within and across the elements must be
continuous

Number of element rigid body mode = Element DOF Number of element
straining mode (natural mode)



NRBM=2-1=1 NRBM=4-1=3 NRBM=6-1=5
u
1
u
2

v
1

u
1

u
2

v
2

w
1

w
2

v
1

u
1

u
2

v
2

Compatible (conforming) displacement and their derivatives are continuous.
Displacement continuity does not mean stress continuity.
Coarse FE model more difference.
Reason : compatibility and constitutive equation are exactly satisfied while
stress equilibrium are approximated.
Thus
Stresses in general more accurate at integration points than at the modal point.
Hence, for a least square fit , use higher order functions than that of stresses
from the assumed displacement function ( )
i j ij
B
i j ij
t n f = = + t t , 0
,
u CB = t
Average nodal stress = bilinearly extrapolate from Gauss point
stress and then average
( )

= = =
(

c
c

= =
stress nodal from stress pt Gauss :
stress Modal :
stress pt Gauss :
.. : ) 4 1 ( 0
4
1
4
1
2
t
t
t
t t t t
t
k
k
k
k
j
k
h to k
Least square procedure requires more computation than average scheme
NASTRAN
m,b
s
ABAQUS
m,b
s
Calculation of Stresses
In displacementbased FEM, the assumed displacement function are complete
and compatible.
Those solution converges in the SE monotonically to the exact solution.
For shell problem, compatibility is hard to maintain.
Incompatible displacement-based models
Relax compatibility condition No guarantee of monotonic convergence.
Note that the size of FE gets smaller, each element should approach a
constant strain condition.
Patch test ( BM Irons & A Razzague )
Boundary nodal forces (or displacement BC ) constant stress
For displacementbased incompatible elements, if the patch test is passed,
convergence is insured
4.4 Incompatible(nonconforming) and mixed FE