Name : Unnati .R.Pathak Roll No.

: 51 Class: TY BBA (GEN)

 A person who is unable to sign and

unable to read and write in simple sentences is called an

ILLITERATE

 Economic condition of the people.

Ineffective implementation of educational

programmes in rural area. Lack of entrepreneurship by the educated to share and spread knowledge. Preference to work rather than to study(no internal economic incentives). Emigration of educated individuals(external economic incentives). No family support. Many sublings.

 UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific

and Cultural Organization) According to them in 2004 i. In North america the level of illiteracy rate was 6.9% or 42 million people. ii. In EUROPE the level of illiteracy rate was 2.2%or 13 million people. iii. In ASIA the level of illiteracy rate was 2% or 11.81 million people.

 Illiteracy is one of the biggest problems that India is facing in

contemporary world. Illiteracy is the mother of various other issues like poverty, population explosion, unemployment, child labor and female foeticide. When the masses are illiterate they are unaware about these social issues and consequently they end up being a part of it. Illiteracy is a major stumbling block in the growth and development of the country. The majority of the population in India is still illiterate which is hampering the progress. In India, illiteracy is basically categorized as wide gaps between rural and urban populations. The majority of the people are illiterate especially in rural areas, where people are unaware about the ill effects of being illiterate and moreover facilities are also not ample. The enrolment level of students in primary and secondary grades is very low in rural areas. In spite of various schemes and initiatives by the Government to promote literacy the results are not satisfactory. Even there is a wide variation in the literacy ratio of males and females. India is a male dominated society and thus the right of education seems to be owned by them only.

 Literacy is a strong weapon which can root out the social

issues like casteism, dowry, corruption and child labor. Literate population can contribute manifolds in the economic and social development of a nation. If India wants to be a developed and powerful nation, then literacy is the key. The government should introduce new schemes and policies and should allocate special funds to promote literacy. Although child labor is banned but still it is being practiced which is again a factor responsible for illiteracy among young children. Government alone can not do anything; the citizen should also be aware about the benefits of literacy and thus contribute and make efforts to kill the demon of illiteracy.

The 15th official census in India was calculated in the year 2011. In a country like India, literacy is the main foundation for social and economic growth. When the British rule ended in India in the year 1947 the literacy rate was just 12%. Over the years, India has changed socially, economically, and globally. After the 2011 census, literacy rate India 2011 was found to be 74.04%. Compared to the adult literacy rate here the youth literacy rate is about 9% higher. Though this seems like a very great accomplishment, it is still a matter of concern that still so many people in India cannot even read and write. The numbers of children who do not get education especially in the rural areas are still high. Though the government has made a law that every child under the age of 14 should get free education, the problem of illiteracy is still at large. Now, if we consider female literacy rate in India, then it is lower than the male literacy rate as many parents do not allow their female children to go to schools. They get married off at a young age instead. Though child marriage has been lowered to very low levels, it still happens. Many families, especially in rural areas believe that having a male child is better than having a baby girl. So the male child gets all the benefits. Today, the female literacy levels according to the Literacy Rate 2011 census are 65.46% where the male literacy rate is over 80%. The literacy rate in India has always been a matter of concern but many NGO initiatives and government ads, campaigns and programs are being held to spread awareness amongst people about the importance of literacy. Also the government has made strict rules for female equality rights. India literacy rate has shown significant rise in the past 10 years.

Illiteracy rate in different region:-

Literacy in India has made remarkable strides since Independence. This has been further confirmed by the results of the Census 2001. The literacy rate has increased from 18.33% in 1951 to 64.84% in 2001. This is despite the fact that during the major part of the last five decades there has been exponential growth of the population at nearly 2% per annum. Some of the important highlights of Census 2001 are given below: The literacy rate in the country has increased to 64.84%, which reflects an overall increase of 12.63%, the fastest decadal growth ever. This is the highest rate since independence. The male literacy rate has increased to 75.26%, which shows an increase of 11.13%. On the other hand, the female literacy of 53.67% has increased at a much faster rate of 14.38%. The male-female literacy gap has reduced from 24.84% in 1991 to 21.59% in 2001. Mizoram has the smallest gap (3.97%) followed by Kerala (6.52%) and Meghalaya (5.82%).

 Literacy efforts The right to education is a fundamental right,[ and UNESCO aims at education for all by

2015.[] India, along with the Arab states and sub-Saharan Africa, has a literacy level below the threshold level of 75%, but efforts are on to achieve that level. The campaign to achieve at least the threshold literacy level represents the largest ever civil and military mobilization in the country.[ International Literacy Day is celebrated each year on 8 September with the aim to highlight the importance of literacy to individuals, communities and societies.
Government schemes National Literacy Mission The National Literacy Mission, launched in 1988, aimed at attaining a literacy rate of 75

per cent by 2007. It imparts functional literacy to non-literates in the age group of 15 35 years. The Total Literacy Campaign is the principal strategy of the NLM for eradication of illiteracy. The Continuing Education Scheme provides a learning continuum to the efforts of the Total Literacy and Post literacy programmes.[
Sarva Siksha Abhiyan

The Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (Hindi for Total Literacy Campaign) was launched in 2001 to

ensure that all children in the 614 year age-group attend school and complete eight years of schooling by 2010. An important component of the scheme is the Education Guarantee Scheme and Alternative and Innovative Education, meant primarily for children in areas with no formal school within a one kilometre radius. The centrally sponsored District Primary Education Programme, launched in 1994, had opened more than 160,000 new schools by 2005, including almost 84,000 alternative schools.[

 Non-governmental efforts
The bulk of Indian illiterates live in the country's rural areas, where social and

economic barriers play an important role in keeping the lowest strata of society illiterate. Government programmes alone, however well intentioned, may not be able to dismantle barriers built over centuries. Major social reformation efforts are sometimes required to bring about a change in the rural scenario. Several nongovernmental organizations such as ITC, Rotary Club, Lions Club have worked to improve the literacy rate in India.
[Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation Shantha Sinha won a Magsaysay Award in 2003 in recognition of "her guiding the

people of Andhra Pradesh to end the scourge of child labour and send all of their children to school." As head of an extension program at the University of Hyderabad in 1987, she organized a three-month-long camp to prepare children rescued from bonded labour to attend school. Later, in 1991, she guided her familys Mamidipudi Venkatarangaiya Foundation to take up this idea as part of its overriding mission in Andhra Pradesh. Her original transition camps grew into full-fledged residential "bridge schools." The foundation's aim is to create a social climate hostile to child labour, child marriage and other practices that deny children the right to a normal childhood. Today the MV Foundations bridge schools and programs extend to 4,300 villages.[

I.SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN :-

In all the States and Union Territories the male literacy rate except Bihar (59.68%) is now over 60%. For the first time since independence there has been a decline in the absolute number of illeteracy during the decade. In the previous decades, there has been a continuous increase in the number of illiterates, despite the increase in the literacy rates, but now for the first time the total number of illiterates has come down by 24.77 million. The number of literate persons has increased to 560.68 million in 2001 thus adding an additional 201.40 million literates in the country.

Rajasthan has recorded the highest increase i.e.21.86% in the literacy rate among the States/UTs of India. Literacy rate of Rajasthan in 7+ population in 1991 was 38.55% which has increased to 60.41% in 2001. The state also recorded very good increase in the female literacy. It was 20.44% in 1991, which has increased to 43.85% in 2001. The female literacy rate of Chhattisgarh in 7+ population in 1991 was 27.52% which has increased to 51.85% in 2001. Thus the rise in female literacy rate in Chhattisgarh has been to the extent of 24.33%, which is the highest among all the States/UTs of the country. Madhya Pradesh also recorded a good increase in female literacy rate i.e.20.94%. In 1991 the literacy rate of females was 29.35%, which has increased to 50.29% in 2001.

In terms of the size of illiteracy, eight States, viz. Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Karnataka and Maharastra had more than 15 million illiterates each and accounted for 69.7 per cent of the illiterate population of the country. The first four of these states - Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan are in Hindi belt and have 42.76% illiterates. Number of non-literates in these States - Uttar Pradesh (58.85 million), Bihar (35.08 million), Rajasthan (18.15 million) and Madhya Pradesh (17.97 million). In Bihar the number of illiterates increased from 31.98 million in 1991 to 35.08 million in 2001. Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh have 10.21 million and 6.10 million illiterates in 2001. It means that 48.12% of the non-literates reside in these six Hindi-speaking States. Other States having more than 10 million illiterates are: Orissa (11.61 million), Gujarat (13.31 million) and Tamil Nadu (14.65 million).

Total Literacy Campaign (TLC) has been the principal strategy of the National Literacy Mission (NLM) for eradication of illiteracy after the success of the campaign mode in Ernakulam district of Kerala. The TLC has certain positive characteristics like being area-specific, time-bound, participative, delivery through voluntarism, cost effective and outcome oriented. Though the campaign emphasizes the achievement of predetermined levels of literacy and numeracy, there are other activities linked up with TLCs, such as campaigns for universal enrolment and retention in schools, immunization, conservation of environment, the small family norm, womens empowerment, etc. The TLC has an assumed duration of 12 to 18 months of which half is devoted to preparation and half to actual teaching/learning activity. In exceptionally difficult areas, the duration is suitably extended. Two activities, namely, environment building as well as monitoring and internal evaluation are continued throughout the campaign. The initial activity of environment building is closely followed by a door-to-door survey to identify potential learners and volunteer instructors. Suitable primers (in 3 parts) are developed through the State Resource Centres for adult education in accordance with the new pedagogic technique of Improved Pace and Content of Learning. The three-legged management structure of TLC consists of popular committees from district to village levels, the ZSS supported by the subject-specific sub-committees, and the officials of the district and block level administration. Literacy campaigns are implemented by the Zilla Saksharata Samitis, usually headed by district collectors. Both the central and state governments participate in funding in the ratio of 2:1 for normal districts while the ratio of center and State share for districts under tribal subplan areas is 4:1. Presently, per learner cost for a TLC is between Rs.90 to 180.

Although the total literacy campaigns took the form of a mass movement and spread throughout the country, in many cases a number of campaigns stagnated due to natural calamities, lack of political will, frequent transfer of collectors, etc. Restoration of stagnating projects is a priority area. Despite success of literacy phase, there are still pockets of residual illiteracy. Priority would continue to be given to cover the districts uncovered so far and those having female literacy rate below 30%. Focus continues on women and those belonging to disadvantaged groups. The funding ratio between the Centre and State Government is 2:1 with the exception of districts under the tribal sub-plan where the ratio is 4:1. Implementing agencies are now allowed to incur expenditure on basic literacy activities along with post-literacy and advanced phase of Continuing Education.

According to 2001 Census, 47 districts in the country have female literacy rate below 30%. Most of these districts are concentrated in Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, and Orissa. Special innovative projects are being taken up to raise the level of female literacy in these areas. Special efforts are being made to target female Panchayati Raj functionaries and make them literate.
Since this problem is most acute in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh, to begin with, 8 low female literacy districts in U.P. have been brought under an accelerated peogramme of female literacy, which was implemented through a network of about 100 NGOs. As per evaluation conducted in 8 AFLP districts of Uttar Pradesh, it has been reported that out of enrolment of 24.53 lakh female learners, 17.10 lakh learners have been made literate.

Accelerated Female Literacy Project (AFLP) was sanctioned to nine low female literacy districts in Orissa. They were: Gajapati, Nupada, Kalahandi, Rayagada, Nabarangpur, Koraput, Malkangiri, Bolangir and Sonepur. Out of 122 NGOs identified for implementation of AFLP, 117 have come forward to participate in the programme. It has been reported that 9.10 lakh female learners have been identified, out of which 9.03 lakh were enrolled. It has been reported that under Accelerated Female Literacy Projects in Orissa, 5.80 lakh female learner have completed primer III.

Reasons for Low Literacy Rate

The absence of adequate school infrastructure like improper facilities and

inefficient teaching staff is one of the main factors affecting literacy in India. There is a shortage of 6lakh classrooms to accommodate all the students in 20062007.[ In addition, there is no proper sanitation in most schools. The study of 188 government-run primary schools in central and northern India revealed that 59% of the schools had no drinking water facility and 89% no toilets A Public Report On Basic Education (PROBE) team did surveys and reported that India had very poor infrastructure in 1999 and a 25% rate of teachers being absent from school on any particular day in 2005. In 600,000 villages and multiplying urban slum habitats, free and compulsory education is the basic literacy instruction dispensed by barely qualified para teachers.] The average Pupil Teacher Ratio for All India is 1:42, implying teacher shortage Such inadequacies resulted in a nonstandardized school system where literacy rates may differ. Furthermore, the expenditure allocated to education was never above 4.3% of the GDP from 19512002 despite the target of 6% by the Kothari Commission. This further complicates the literacy problem in India.

 THANKYOU HAVE A GOOD DAY