Frame Relay: CCNA 4 Version 3.1

Ch.
5 Frame Relay
CCNA 4 version 3.1 ESPOCH Local Academy
Overview
Identify the components of a Frame Relay network Explain the scope and purpose of Frame Relay Discuss the technology of Frame Relay Compare point-to-point and point-to-multipoint topologies Examine the topology of a Frame Relay network Configure a Frame Relay Permanent Virtual Circuit (PVC) Create a Frame Relay Map on a remote network Explain the issues of a non-broadcast multi-access
network Describe the need for subinterfaces and how to configure them Verify and troubleshoot a Frame Relay connection
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Introducing Frame Relay
Frame Relay is a packet-switched, connection-oriented, WAN service. It operates at the data link layer of the OSI reference model. Frame Relay uses a subset of the high-level data link control (HDLC)
protocol called Link Access Procedure for Frame Relay (LAPF). Frames carry data between user devices called data terminal equipment (DTE), and the data communications equipment (DCE) at the edge of the WAN. It does not define the way the data is transmitted within the service providers Frame Relay cloud. This is ATM in many cases!
Frame Relay vs. X.25
Frame Relay does not have the sequencing, windowing, and

retransmission mechanisms that are used by X.25. Without the overhead, the streamlined operation of Frame Relay outperforms X.25. Typical speeds range from 56 kbps up to 2 Mbps, although higher speeds are possible. (Up to 45 Mbps) The network providing the Frame Relay service can be either a carrierprovided public network or a privately owned network. Because it was designed to operate on high-quality digital lines, Frame Relay provides no error recovery mechanism. If there is an error in a frame it is discarded without notification.
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Introducing Frame Relay
Access circuits
A Frame Relay network may be privately owned, but it is more

commonly provided as a service by a public carrier. It typically consists of many geographically scattered Frame Relay switches interconnected by trunk lines. Frame Relay is often used to interconnect LANs. When this is the case, a router on each LAN will be the DTE. Access Circuit - A serial connection, such as a T1/E1 leased line, will connect the router to a Frame Relay switch of the carrier at the nearest point-of-presence for the carrier.
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DTE Data Terminal Equipment
DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a
specific network and typically are located on the premises of the customer. The customer may also own this equipment. Examples of DTE devices are routers and Frame Relay Access Devices (FRADs). A FRAD is a specialized device designed to provide a connection between a LAN and a Frame Relay WAN.
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DCE Data Communications Equipment

UNI NNI
DCEs are carrier-owned internetworking devices. The purpose of DCE equipment is to provide clocking and switching
services in a network. In most cases, these are packet switches, which are the devices that actually transmit data through the WAN. The connection between the customer and the service provider is known as the User-to-Network Interface (UNI). The Network-to-Network Interface (NNI) is used to describe how Frame Relay networks from different providers connect to each other.
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Frame Relay terminology

An SVC between the same two DTEs may change. A PVC between the same two DTEs will always be the same.
Path may change.
Always same Path.
The connection through the Frame Relay network between two DTEs is
called a virtual circuit (VC). Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) are Virtual circuits may be established dynamically by sending signaling messages to the network. However, SVCs are not very common. Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) are more common. PVC are VCs that have been preconfigured by the carrier are used. The switching information for a VC is stored in the memory of the switch.
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Frame Relay operation - SVC

An SVC between the same two DTEs may change. A PVC between the same two DTEs will always be the same.
Path may change.
Always same Path.
SVCs are temporary connections that are only used when there is
sporadic data transfer between DTE devices across the Frame Relay network. Because they are temporary, SVC connections require call setup and termination for each connection supported by Cisco IOS Release 11.2 or later. Before implementing these temporary connections, determine whether the service carrier supports SVCs since many Frame Relay providers only support PVCs.
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Access Circuits and Cost Savings
The FRAD or router connected to the Frame Relay network may have
multiple virtual circuits connecting it to various end points. This makes it a very cost-effective replacement for a full mesh of access lines. Each end point needs only a single access circuit and interface. Note: Also do not have to pay for leased line between two sites even when no traffic is being sent, along with the shorter distance.
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IETF Frame Relay Frame
Cisco routers support two types of Frame Relay headers.

Cisco, which is a 4-byte header (default, Cisco proprietary). IETF, which is a 2-byte header that conforms to the IETF standards.
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Some of these fields will be addressed in later.
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Some of these fields will be addressed in later.
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DLCI
A data-link connection identifier (DLCI) identifies the logical VC

between the CPE and the Frame Relay switch. The Frame Relay switch maps the DLCIs between each pair of routers to create a PVC. DLCIs have local significance, although there some implementations that use global DLCIs. DLCIs 0 to 15 and 1008 to 1023 are reserved for special purposes. Service providers assign DLCIs in the range of 16 to 1007. DLCI 1019, 1020: Multicasts DLCI 1023: Cisco LMI DLCI 0: ANSI LMI
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DLCI
Inside the cloud, your Frame Relay provider sets up the DLCI numbers
to be used by the routers for establishing PVCs.
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Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control

The first thing we need to do is become familiar with some of the terminology.
Local access rate This is the clock speed or port speed of the
connection or local loop to the Frame Relay cloud. It is the rate at which data travels into or out of the network, regardless of other settings. Committed Information Rate (CIR) This is the rate, in bits per second, at which the Frame Relay switch agrees to transfer data. The rate is usually averaged over a period of time, referred to as the committed rate measurement interval (Tc). In general, the duration of Tc is proportional to the "burstiness" of the traffic.
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DLCI 16 DLCI 17 DLCI 18 T1 1.544 Mbps CIR 1 Mbps
CIR 1 Mbps CIR 1 Mbps
per VC
Oversubscription Oversubscription is when the sum of the CIRs on

all the VCs exceeds the access line speed. Oversubscription can also occur when the access line can support the sum of CIRs purchased, but not of the CIRs plus the bursting capacities of the VCs. Oversubscription increases the likelihood that packets will be dropped.
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Tc = 2 seconds Bc = 64 kbps CIR = 32 kbps
Committed burst (Bc) The maximum number of bits that the switch
agrees to transfer during any Tc. The higher the Bc-to-CIR ratio, the longer the switch can handle a sustained burst. The DE (Discard Eligibility) bit is set on the traffic that was received after the CIR was met. (coming) (FYI) For example, if the Tc is 2 seconds and the CIR is 32 kbps, the Bc is 64 kbps. (FYI) The Tc calculation is Tc = Bc/CIR. Committed Time Interval (Tc) Tc is not a recurrent time interval. It is used strictly to measure inbound data, during which time it acts like a sliding window. Inbound data triggers the Tc interval. 18
Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) When a Frame

Relay switch recognizes congestion in the network, it sends an FECN packet to the destination device. This indicates that congestion has occurred. Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) When a Frame Relay switch recognizes congestion in the network, it sends a BECN packet to the source router. This instructs the router to reduce the rate at which it is sending packets. With Cisco IOS Release 11.2 or later, Cisco routers can respond to BECN notifications.
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Discard eligibility (DE) bit When the router or switch detects

network congestion, it can mark the packet "Discard Eligible". The DE bit is set on the traffic that was received after the CIR was met. These packets are normally delivered. However, in periods of congestion, the Frame Relay switch will drop packets with the DE bit set first.
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Frame Relay bandwidth
Several factors determine the rate at which a customer can send

data on a Frame Relay network. Foremost in limiting the maximum transmission rate is the capacity of the local loop to the provider. If the local loop is a T1, no more than 1.544 Mbps can be sent. In Frame Relay terminology, the speed of the local loop is called the local access rate. Providers use the CIR parameter to provision network resources and regulate usage. For example, a company with a T1 connection to the packetswitched network (PSN) may agree to a CIR of 768 Kbps. This means that the provider guarantees 768 Kbps of bandwidth to the customers link at all times.
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Typically, the higher the CIR, the higher the cost of service. Customers can choose the CIR that is most appropriate to their
bandwidth needs, as long as the CIR is less than or equal to the local access rate. If the CIR of the customer is less than the local access rate, the customer and provider agree on whether bursting above the CIR is allowed. If the local access rate is T1 or 1.544 Mbps, and the CIR is 768 Kbps, half of the potential bandwidth (as determined by the local access rate) remains available.
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Many providers allow their customers to purchase a CIR of 0 (zero). This means that the provider does not guarantee any throughput. In practice, customers usually find that their provider allows them to
burst over the 0 (zero) CIR virtually all of the time. If a CIR of 0 (zero) is purchased, carefully monitor performance in order to determine whether or not it is acceptable. Frame Relay allows a customer and provider to agree that under certain circumstances, the customer can burst over the CIR. Since burst traffic is in excess of the CIR, the provider does not guarantee that it will deliver the frames.
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Either a router or a Frame Relay switch tags each frame that is
transmitted beyond the CIR as eligible to be discarded. When a frame is tagged DE, a single bit in the Frame Relay frame is set to 1. This bit is known as the discard eligible (DE) bit. The Frame Relay specification also includes a protocol for congestion notification. This mechanism relies on the FECN/ BECN bits in the Q.922 header of the frame. The providers switches or the customers routers can selectively set the DE bit in frames. These frames will be the first to be dropped when congestion occurs.
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LMI Local Management Interface
LMI is a signaling standard between
the DTE and the Frame Relay switch. LMI is responsible for managing the connection and maintaining the status between devices. LMI includes: A keepalive mechanism, which verifies that data is flowing A multicast mechanism, which provides the network server (router) with its local DLCI. The multicast addressing, which can give DLCIs global rather than local significance in Frame Relay networks (not common). A status mechanism, which provides an ongoing status on the DLCIs known to the switch
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LMI
LMI
In order to deliver the first LMI services to customers as soon as

possible, vendors and standards committees worked separately to develop and deploy LMI in early Frame Relay implementations. The result is that there are three types of LMI, none of which is compatible with the others. Cisco, StrataCom, Northern Telecom, and Digital Equipment Corporation (Gang of Four) released one type of LMI, while the ANSI and the ITU-T each released their own versions. The LMI type must match between the provider Frame Relay switch and the customer DTE device.
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LMI
LMI
In Cisco IOS releases prior to 11.2, the Frame Relay interface must be
manually configured to use the correct LMI type, which is furnished by the service provider. If using Cisco IOS Release 11.2 or later, the router attempts to automatically detect the type of LMI used by the provider switch. This automatic detection process is called LMI autosensing. No matter which LMI type is used, when LMI autosense is active, it sends out a full status request to the provider switch.
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LMI
The Frame Relay switch uses LMI to report the status of configured
PVCs. The three possible PVC states are as follows: Active state Indicates that the connection is active and that routers can exchange data. Inactive state Indicates that the local connection to the Frame Relay switch is working, but the remote router connection to the Frame Relay switch is not working. Deleted state Indicates that no LMI is being received from the Frame Relay switch, or that there is no service between the CPE router and Frame Relay switch.
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DLCI Mapping to Network Address
Manual
Manual: Administrators use a frame relay map statement. Dynamic Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (I-ARP) provides a given DLCI and requests next-hop protocol addresses for a specific connection. The router then updates its mapping table and uses the information in the table to forward packets on the correct route.
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Inverse ARP Knows DLCI, needs remote IP

2 1
My DLCI 16 Your IP? My IP is x
My IP is y Once the router learns from the switch about available PVCs and their corresponding DLCIs, the router can send an Inverse ARP request to the other end of the PVC. (unless statically mapped later) For each supported and configured protocol on the interface, the router sends an Inverse ARP request for each DLCI. (unless statically mapped) In effect, the Inverse ARP request asks the remote station for its Layer 3 address. At the same time, it provides the remote system with the Layer 3 address of the local system. The return information from the Inverse ARP is then used to build the Frame Relay map.
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Inverse ARP Knows DLCI, needs remote IP
Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (Inverse ARP) was developed to

provide a mechanism for dynamic DLCI to Layer 3 address maps.
Inverse ARP works much the same way Address Resolution Protocol
(ARP) works on a LAN.
However, with ARP, the device knows the Layer 3 IP address and
needs to know the remote data link MAC address.
With Inverse ARP, the router knows the Layer 2 address which is the
DLCI, but needs to know the remote Layer 3 IP address.
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Frame Relay Encapsulation

Router(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay {cisco | ietf}
cisco - Default
Use this if connecting to another Cisco router.

Ietf - Select this if connecting to a non-Cisco router. RFC 1490
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Frame Relay LMI

Router(config-if)#frame-relay lmi-type {ansi | cisco | q933a}
It is important to remember that the Frame Relay service provider

maps the virtual circuit within the Frame Relay network connecting the two remote customer premises equipment (CPE) devices that are typically routers. Once the CPE device, or router, and the Frame Relay switch are exchanging LMI information, the Frame Relay network has everything it needs to create the virtual circuit with the other remote router. The Frame Relay network is not like the Internet where any two devices connected to the Internet can communicate. In a Frame Relay network, before two routers can exchange information, a virtual circuit between them must be set up ahead of time by the Frame Relay service provider.
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Minimum Frame Relay Configuration

172.16.1.2 172.16.1.1 DLCI 102
Headquarters Hub City
DLCI 101
Frame Relay Network
Satellite Office 1 Spokane
HubCity(config)# interface serial 0 HubCity(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 HubCity(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay Spokane(config)# interface serial 0 Spokane(config-if)# ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 Spokane(config-if)# encapsulation frame-relay
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Minimum Frame Relay Configuration

172.16.1.2 172.16.1.1 DLCI 102
DLCI 101
Frame Relay Network
Cisco Router is now ready to act as a Frame-Relay DTE device.

The following process occurs: 1. The interface is enabled. 2. The Frame-Relay switch announces the configured DLCI(s) to the router. 3. Inverse ARP is performed to map remote network layer addresses to the local DLCI(s). The routers can now ping each other!
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Inverse ARP
172.16.1.2
DLCI 101
Frame Relay Network
172.16.1.1 DLCI 102
HubCity# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active
dynamic refers to the router learning the IP address via Inverse ARP The DLCI 101 is configured on the Frame Relay Switch by the
provider. We will see this in a moment.

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Inverse ARP Limitations

172.16.1.2
DLCI 101
Frame Relay Network
172.16.1.1 DLCI 102
Inverse ARP only resolves network addresses of remote Frame-Relay

connections that are directly connected. Inverse ARP does not work with Hub-and-Spoke connections. (We will see this in a moment.) When using dynamic address mapping, Inverse ARP requests a nexthop protocol address for each active PVC. Once the requesting router receives an Inverse ARP response, it updates its DLCI-to-Layer 3 address mapping table. Dynamic address mapping is enabled by default for all protocols enabled on a physical interface. If the Frame Relay environment supports LMI autosensing and Inverse ARP, dynamic address mapping takes place automatically. Therefore, no static address mapping is required.
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Configuring Frame Relay maps

Router(config-if)#frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast] [ietf | cisco]
If the environment does not support LMI autosensing and Inverse ARP,
a Frame Relay map must be manually configured. Use the frame-relay map command to configure static address mapping. Once a static map for a given DLCI is configured, Inverse ARP is disabled on that DLCI. The broadcast keyword is commonly used with the frame-relay map command. The broadcast keyword provides two functions. Forwards broadcasts when multicasting is not enabled.
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Frame Relay Maps
By default, cisco is the default encapsulation
Uses cisco encapsulation for this DLCI (not needed, default)
Remote IP Address
Local DLCI
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More on Frame Relay Encapsulation
Applies to all DLCIs unless configured otherwise
If the Cisco encapsulation is configured on a serial interface, then by

default, that encapsulation applies to all VCs on that serial interface. If the equipment at the destination is Cisco and non-Cisco, configure the Cisco encapsulation on the interface and selectively configure IETF encapsulation per DLCI, or vice versa. These commands configure the Cisco Frame Relay encapsulation for all PVCs on the serial interface. Except for the PVC corresponding to DLCI 49, which is explicitly configured to use the IETF encapsulation.
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Verifying Frame Relay interface configuration
The show interfaces serial command displays information
regarding the encapsulation and the status of Layer 1 and Layer 2. It also displays information about the multicast DLCI, the DLCIs used on the Frame Relay-configured serial interface, and the DLCI used for the LMI signaling.
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show interfaces serial

Atlanta(config)#interface serial 0/0 Atlanta(config-if)#description Circuit-05QHDQ101545-080TCOM-002 Atlanta(config-if)#^z Atlanta#show interfaces serial 0/0 Serial 0/0 is up, line protocol is up Hardware is MCI Serial Description Circuit-05QHDQ101545-080TCOM-002 Internet address is 150.136.190.203, subnet mask 255.255.255.0 MTU 1500 bytes, BW 1544 Kbit, DLY 20000 uses, rely 255/255, load 1/255
To simplify the WAN management, use the description command

at the interface level to record the circuit number.
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show frame-relay pvc
The show frame-relay pvc command displays the status of each

configured connection, as well as traffic statistics. This command is also useful for viewing the number of Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) and Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) packets received by the router. The command show frame-relay pvc shows the status of all PVCs configured on the router. If a single PVC is specified, only the status of that PVC is shown.
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show frame-relay map
The show frame-relay map command displays the current map

entries and information about the connections.
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show frame-relay lmi
The show frame-relay lmi command displays LMI traffic statistics

showing the number of status messages exchanged between the local router and the Frame Relay switch.
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clear frame-relay-inarp
To clear dynamically created Frame Relay maps, which are created

using Inverse ARP, use the clear frame-relay-inarp command.
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Troubleshooting the Frame Relay configuration
Use the debug frame-relay lmi command to determine whether the router and the Frame Relay switch are sending and receiving LMI packets properly.
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debug frame-relay lmi (continued)
FYI ONLY The possible values of the status field are as follows: 0x0 Added/inactive means that the switch has this DLCI programmed but for some reason it is not usable. The reason could possibly be the other end of the PVC is down. 0x2 Added/active means the Frame Relay switch has the DLCI and everything is operational. 0x4 Deleted means that the Frame Relay switch does not have this DLCI programmed for the router, but that it was programmed at some point in the past. This could also be caused by the DLCIs being reversed on the router, or by the PVC being deleted by the service provider in the Frame Relay cloud.
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Frame Relay Topologies
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NBMA Non Broadcast Multiple Access

Frames between two routers are only seen by those two devices (non broadcast). Similar to a LAN, multiple computers have access to the same network and potentially to each other (multiple access).
An NBMA network is the opposite of a broadcast network. On a broadcast network, multiple computers and devices are
attached to a shared network cable or other medium. When one computer transmits frames, all nodes on the network "listen" to the frames, but only the node to which the frames are addressed actually receives the frames. Thus, the frames are broadcast. A nonbroadcast multiple access network is a network to which multiple computers and devices are attached, but data is transmitted directly from one computer to another over a virtual circuit or across a switching fabric. The most common examples of nonbroadcast network media include ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode), frame relay, and X.25. http://www.linktionary.com/
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Star Topology
A star topology, also known as a hub and spoke configuration, is the

most popular Frame Relay network topology because it is the most cost-effective. In this topology, remote sites are connected to a central site that generally provides a service or application. This is the least expensive topology because it requires the fewest PVCs. In this example, the central router provides a multipoint connection, because it is typically using a single interface to interconnect multiple PVCs.
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Full Mesh
Full Mesh Topology Number of Number of Connections PVCs -----------------------------2 1 4 6 6 15 8 28 10 45
In a full mesh topology, all routers have PVCs to all other destinations. This method, although more costly than hub and spoke, provides direct
connections from each site to all other sites and allows for redundancy. For example, when one link goes down, a router at site A can reroute traffic through site C. As the number of nodes in the full mesh topology increases, the topology becomes increasingly more expensive. The formula to calculate the total number of PVCs with a fully meshed WAN is [n(n - 1)]/2, where n is the number of nodes.
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A Frame-Relay Configuration Supporting Multiple Sites

This is known as a Hub and Spoke Topology, where the Hub router relays information between the Spoke routers. Limits the number of PVCs needed as in a full-mesh topology (coming).
Hub Router
DLCI 101 172.16.1.2 DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
Spoke Routers
Satellite Office 2 Spokomo

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Configuration using Inverse ARP

HubCity interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay Spokane interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay Spokomo interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.3 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay
DLCI 101 172.16.1.2
DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
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DLCI 101 172.16.1.2
DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
HubCity# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 112, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokane# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 102, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokomo# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 211, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active
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HubCity# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 112, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokane# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 102, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokomo# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 211, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active
Inverse ARP resolved the ip addresses for HubCity for both

Spokane and Spokomo Inverse ARP resolved the ip addresses for Spokane for HubCity Inverse ARP resolved the ip addresses for Spokomo for HubCity What about between Spokane and Spokomo?
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Inverse ARP Limitations
DLCI 101 172.16.1.2
DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
Can HubCity ping both Spokane and Spokomo? Yes! Can Spokane and Spokomo ping HubCity? Yes! Can Spokane and Spokomo ping each other? No! The Spoke
routers serial interfaces (Spokane and Spokomo) drop the ICMP packets because there is no DLCI-to-IP address mapping for the destination address.
Solutions to the limitations of Inverse ARP 1. Add an additional PVC between Spokane and Spokomo (Full Mesh) 2. Configure Frame-Relay Map Statements 3. Configure Point-to-Point Subinterfaces.
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Frame Relay Map Statements

Router(config-if)#frame-relay map protocol protocol-address dlci [broadcast] [ietf | cisco]
Instead of using additional PVCs, Frame-Relay map statements can be used to: Statically map local DLCIs to an unknown remote network layer addresses. Also used when the remote router does not support Inverse ARP
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HubCity interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay (Inverse-ARP still works here) Spokane interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.3 102 frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 Spokomo interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.3 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.1 211 frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 211
Frame-Relay Map Statements

DLCI 101 172.16.1.2
DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
Notice that the routers are configured to use either IARP or Frame Relay maps. Using both on the same interface will cause problems.
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Mixing Inverse ARP and Frame Relay Map Statements

Inverse ARP
DLCI 101 172.16.1.2
DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
Frame Relay maps
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
The previous configuration works fine and all routers can ping each
other. What if we were to mix IARP and Frame Relay map statements on the same router for the same DLCI? There would be a problem!
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HubCity interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay Spokane interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.3 102 Spokomo interface Serial0 Added ip address 172.16.1.3 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.1 211
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 101 172.16.1.2
DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
Spokane and Spokomo relying on IARP for mapping DLCI to IP address of Hub City.
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HubCity# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 112, broadcast, status defined, active Spokane# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 102, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 102, status defined, active Spokomo# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 211, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 211, status defined, active dynamic, dynamic,
dynamic, static, CISCO,
dynamic, static, CISCO,
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HubCity# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 112, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokane# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 102, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 102, static, CISCO, status defined, active Spokomo# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 211, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 211, static, CISCO, status defined, active
Good News: Everything looks fine! Now all routers can ping each other! Bad News: Problem when using Frame-Relay map statements AND Inverse ARP. This will only work until the router is reloaded, here is why...
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HubCity# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 112, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokane# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 102, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 102, static, CISCO, status defined, active Spokomo# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 211, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 211, static, CISCO, status defined, active
Frame-Relay Map Statement Rule: When a Frame-Relay map statement is configured for a particular protocol (IP, IPX, ) Inverse-ARP will be disabled for that specific protocol, only for the DLCI referenced in the Frame-Relay map statement.
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HubCity# show Serial0 (up): Serial0 (up): Spokane# show Serial0 (up): Serial0 (up): Spokomo# show Serial0 (up): Serial0 (up): frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.1 dlci ip 172.16.1.3 dlci frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 dlci ip 172.16.1.3 dlci frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 dlci ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active 112, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active 102, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active 102, static, CISCO, status defined, active 211, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active 211, static, CISCO, status defined, active
The previous solution worked only because the Inverse ARP had taken place between Spokane and HubCity, and between Spokomo and HubCity, before the Frame-Relay map statements were added. (The Frame-Relay map statement was added after the Inverse ARP took place.) Both the Inverse-ARP and Frame-Relay map statements are in effect. Once the router is reloaded (rebooted) the Inverse-ARP will never occur because of the configured Frame-Relay map statement. (assuming the running-config is copied to the startup-config) Rule: Inverse-ARP will be disabled for that specific protocol, for the DLCI referenced in the Frame-Relay map statement.
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HubCity# show frame-relay map (after reload) Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 112, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokane# show frame-relay map NOW MISSING: Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 102, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 102, static, CISCO, status defined, active Spokomo# show frame-relay map NOW MISSING: Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.2 dlci 211, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 211, static, CISCO, status defined, active
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HubCity# show frame-relay map (after reload) Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 101, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 112, dynamic, broadcast, status defined, active Spokane# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.3 dlci 102, static, CISCO, status defined, active Spokomo# show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.16.1.1 dlci 211, static, CISCO, status defined, active
Spokane and Spokomo can no longer ping HubCity because they do not have a dlci-to-IP mapping for the others IP address!
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HubCity interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay (Inverse-ARP still works here) Spokane interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.3 102 frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 102 Spokomo interface Serial0 ip address 172.16.1.3 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.1 211 frame-relay map ip 172.16.1.2 211
Frame-Relay Map Statements

DLCI 101 172.16.1.2
DLCI 112
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 102 172.16.1.1
DLCI 211 172.16.1.3
Solution: Do not mix IARP with Frame Relay maps statements. If need be use Frame-Relay map statements instead of IARP.
68
Reachability issues with routing updates

Frame Relay is an NBMA Network
An NBMA network is a multiaccess network, which means more than

two nodes can connect to the network. Ethernet is another example of a multiaccess architecture. In an Ethernet LAN, all nodes see all broadcast and multicast frames. However, in a nonbroadcast network such as Frame Relay, nodes cannot see broadcasts of other nodes unless they are directly connected by a virtual circuit. This means that Branch A cannot directly see the broadcasts from Branch B, because they are connected using a hub and spoke topology.
69

Split Horizon prohibits routing updates received on an interface from exiting that same interface.
The Central router must receive the broadcast from Branch A and then
send its own broadcast to Branch B. In this example, there are problems with routing protocols because of the split horizon rule. A full mesh topology with virtual circuits between every site would solve this problem, but having additional virtual circuits is more costly and does not scale well.
70

Split Horizon prohibits routing updates received on an interface from exiting that same interface.
Using a hub and spoke topology, the split horizon rule reduces the

chance of a routing loop with distance vector routing protocols. It prevents a routing update received on an interface from being forwarded through the same interface. If the Central router learns about Network X from Branch A, that update is learned via S0/0. According to the split horizon rule, Central could not update Branch B or Branch C about Network X. This is because that update would be sent out the S0/0 interface, which is the same interface that received the update.
71
One Solution: Disable Split Horizon

Router(config-if)#no ip split-horizon Router(config-if)#ip split-horizon
To remedy this situation, turn off split horizon for IP. Of course, with split horizon disabled, the protection it affords against
routing loops is lost. Split horizon is only an issue with distance vector routing protocols like RIP, IGRP and EIGRP. It has no effect on link state routing protocols like OSPF and IS-IS.
72
Another Solution for split horizon issue: subinterfaces
To enable the forwarding of broadcast routing updates in a Frame

Relay network, configure the router with subinterfaces. Subinterfaces are logical subdivisions of a physical interface. In split-horizon routing environments, routing updates received on one subinterface can be sent out on another subinterface. With subinterface configuration, each PVC can be configured as a point-to-point connection. This allows each subinterface to act similar to a leased line. This is because each point-to-point subinterface is treated as a separate physical interface.
73
Mulitpoint
Point-to-point
A key reason for using subinterfaces is to allow distance vector routing

protocols to perform properly in an environment in which split horizon is activated. There are two types of Frame Relay subinterfaces. Point-to-point Multipoint
74
Mulitpoint
Point-to-point
Physical interfaces: With a hub and spoke topology Split Horizon will
prevent the hub router from propagating routes learned from one spoke router to another spoke router. Point-to-point subinterfaces: Each subinterface is on its own subnet. Broadcasts and Split Horizon not a problem because each point-topoint connection is its own subnet. Multipoint subinterfaces: All participating subinterfaces would be in the same subnet. Broadcasts and routing updates are also subject to the Split Horizon Rule and may pose a problem.
75
Configuring Frame Relay subinterfaces

RTA(config)#interface s0/0 RTA(config-if)#encapsulation frame-relay ietf
Router(config-if)#interface serial number subinterface-number {multipoint | point-to-point} Router(config-subif)# frame-relay interface-dlci dlci-number
Subinterface can be configured after the physical interface has been

configured for Frame Relay encapsulation Subinterface numbers can be specified in interface configuration mode or global configuration mode. Subinterface number can be between 1 and 4294967295. At this point in the subinterface configuration, either configure a static Frame Relay map or use the frame-relay interface-dlci command. The frame-relay interface-dlci command associates the selected subinterface with a DLCI.
76
Configuring Frame Relay subinterfaces
The frame-relay interface-dlci command is required for all

point-to-point subinterfaces. It is also required for multipoint subinterfaces for which inverse ARP is enabled. It is not required for multipoint subinterfaces that are configured with static route maps. It can not be used on physical interfaces.
77
Show frame-relay map

Point-to-point subinterfaces are listed as a point-to-point dlci
Router#show frame-relay map Serial0.1 (up): point-to-point dlci, dlci 301 (0xCB, 0x30B0), broadcast status defined, active
With multipoint subinterfaces, they are listed as an inverse ARP entry, dynamic
Router#show frame-relay map Serial0 (up): ip 172.30.2.1 dlci, 301 (0x12D, 0x48D0), dynamic,, broadcast status defined, active
78
Point-to-point Subinterfaces
Mulitpoint
Point-to-point Point-to-point subinterfaces are like conventional point-to-point interfaces (PPP, ) and have no concept of (do not need): Inverse-ARP mapping of local DLCI address to remote network address (frame-relay map statements) Frame-Relay service supplies multiple PVCs over a single physical interface and point-to-point subinterfaces subdivide each PVC as if it were a physical point-to-point interface. Point-to-point subinterfaces completely bypass the local DLCI to remote network address mapping issue.
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Mulitpoint
Point-to-point With point-to-point subinterfaces you: Cannot have multiple DLCIs associated with a single point-to-point subinterface Cannot use frame-relay map statements Cannot use Inverse-ARP
Can use the frame-relay interface dlci statement (for both point-topoint and multipoint)
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Each subinterface is on a separate network or subnet with a single remote router at the other end of the PVC.
172.30.1.0/24 172.30.2.0/24 172.30.3.0/24
81
172.30.1.1/24
172.30.2.1/24
172.30.3.1/24
S0
S1
S2
172.30.1.2/24
172.30.2.2/24
172.30.3.2/24
Site A
Site B
Site C
Point-to-point subinterfaces are equivalent to using multiple physical

point to point interfaces.
82
A single subinterface is used to establish one PVC connection to

another physical or subinterface on a remote router.
In this case, the interfaces would be:

In the same subnet and Each interface would have a single DLCI
Each point-to-point connection is its own subnet. In this environment, broadcasts are not a problem because the
routers are point-to-point and act like a leased line.
83
Point-to-point subinterface configuration, minimum of two commands:
Router(config)# interface Serial0.1 point-to-point Router(config-subif)# frame-relay interface-dlci dlci
Rules: 1. No Frame-Relay map statements can be used with point-to-point subinterfaces. 2. One and only one DLCI can be associated with a single point-to-point subinterface By the way, encapsulation is done only at the physical interface: interface Serial0 no ip address encapsulation frame-relay
84
Each subinterface on Hub router requires a separate subnet (or network) Each subinterface on Hub router is treated like a regular physical point-to-point interface, so split horizon does not need to be disabled.
Interface Serial0 (for all routers) encapsulation frame-relay no ip address HubCity interface Serial0.301 point-to-point ip address 172.16.1.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay interface dlci 301 interface Serial0.302 point-to-point ip address 172.16.2.1 255.255.255.0 encapsulation frame-relay frame-relay interface dlci 302
Point-to-Point Subinterfaces at the Hub and Spokes
DLCI 301 Serial 0.1 172.16.1.1/24
DLCI 302 Serial 0.2 172.16.2.1/24
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 103
DLCI 203
Spokane interface Serial0.103 point-to-point ip address 172.16.1.2 255.255.255.0 frame-relay interface dlci 103 Spokomo interface Serial0.203 point-to-point ip address 172.16.2.2 255.255.255.0 frame-relay interface dlci 203
Serial 0.1 172.16.1.2/24
Two subnets
Serial 0.1 172.16.2.2/24
85
Multipoint Subinterfaces
Mulitpoint
Point-to-point
Share many of the same characteristics as a physical Frame-Relay interface With multipoint subinterface you can have: can have multiple DLCIs assigned to it. can use frame-relay map & interface dlci statements can use Inverse-ARP Remember, with point-to-point subinterfaces you: cannot have multiple DLCIs associated with a single point-to-point subinterface cannot use frame-relay map statements cannot use Inverse-ARP (can use the frame-relay interface dlci statement for both point-to-point and multipoint) 86
Multipoint subinterfaces
Each subinterface is on a separate network or subnet but may have multiple connections, with a different DLCI for each connection.
172.30.1.0/24 172.30.2.0/24 172.30.3.0/24

Split horizon still an issue on each Multipoint subinterface.
87
172.30.1.1/24
172.30.2.1/24
172.30.3.1/24
S0
S1
S2
172.30.1.2/24
172.30.3.3/24
Site A1
172.30.1.3/24 172.30.2.2/24 172.30.2.3/24
Site C2
172.30.3.2/24
Site A2
Site C1 Site B1 Site B2
Multipoint subinterfaces are equivalent to using multiple physical hub

to spoke interfaces.
88
Notes Highly scalable solution

Disable Split Horizon on Hub router when running a distance vector routing protocol
Interface Serial0 (for all routers) encapsulation frame-relay no ip address HubCity interface Serial0.1 mulitpoint ip address 172.16.3.3 255.255.255.0 frame-relay interface-dlci 301 frame-relay interface-dlci 302 no ip split-horizon Spokane interface Serial0.1 point-to-point ip address 172.16.3.1 255.255.255.0 frame-relay interface-dlci 103
Multipoint subinterface at the Hub and Point-to-Point Subinterfaces at the Spokes
DLCI 301 Serial 0 172.16.3.3
DLCI 302
Frame Relay Network
DLCI 103
DLCI 203
Spokomo interface Serial0.1 point-to-point ip address 172.16.3.2 255.255.255.0 frame-relay interface-dlci 203
Serial 0 172.16.3.1
One subnet
Serial 0 172.16.3.2
89

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Ch.

Introducing Frame Relay

Frame Relay vs. X.25

Frame Relay does not have the sequencing, windowing, and

Introducing Frame Relay

A Frame Relay network may be privately owned, but it is more

DTE Data Terminal Equipment

DTEs generally are considered to be terminating equipment for a

DCE Data Communications Equipment

Frame Relay terminology

Path may change.

Always same Path.

Frame Relay operation - SVC

Path may change.

Always same Path.

Access Circuits and Cost Savings

IETF Frame Relay Frame

Cisco routers support two types of Frame Relay headers.

IETF Frame Relay Frame

IETF Frame Relay Frame

Some of these fields will be addressed in later.

A data-link connection identifier (DLCI) identifies the logical VC

Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control

Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control

CIR 1 Mbps CIR 1 Mbps

Oversubscription Oversubscription is when the sum of the CIRs on

Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control

Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control

Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) When a Frame

Frame Relay bandwidth and flow control

Discard eligibility (DE) bit When the router or switch detects

Frame Relay bandwidth

Several factors determine the rate at which a customer can send

Frame Relay bandwidth

Frame Relay bandwidth

Frame Relay bandwidth

Either a router or a Frame Relay switch tags each frame that is

LMI Local Management Interface

LMI is a signaling standard between

In order to deliver the first LMI services to customers as soon as

DLCI Mapping to Network Address

Inverse ARP Knows DLCI, needs remote IP

My DLCI 16 Your IP? My IP is x

Inverse ARP Knows DLCI, needs remote IP

Inverse Address Resolution Protocol (Inverse ARP) was developed to

Frame Relay Encapsulation

Use this if connecting to another Cisco router.

Frame Relay LMI

It is important to remember that the Frame Relay service provider

Minimum Frame Relay Configuration

Headquarters Hub City

Frame Relay Network

Satellite Office 1 Spokane

Minimum Frame Relay Configuration

Headquarters Hub City

Frame Relay Network

Satellite Office 1 Spokane

Cisco Router is now ready to act as a Frame-Relay DTE device.

Headquarters Hub City

Frame Relay Network

172.16.1.1 DLCI 102

Satellite Office 1 Spokane