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Assumptions
For a LP to be an appropriate representation of the real world 4 assumptions must be satisfied
Proportional to value of decision variable By any decision variable independent of the values of all other decision variables
4. Certainty assumption: Each parameter (objective function coefficient, rhs and technological coefficients) is known with certainty
If a real-life problem satisfies all of the above assumptions, LP can be used to optimize the problem
A constraint is non-binding if the LHS and the RHS of the constraint are unequal when the optimal values of the decision variables are substituted into the constraint.
The above imply that an equality constraint (= sign) will always be a binding constraint
Sensitivity Analysis
Sensitivity analysis (or post-optimality analysis) is used to determine how the optimal solution is affected by changes, within specified ranges, in: the objective function coefficients the right-hand side (RHS) values Sensitivity analysis is important to the manager who must operate in a dynamic environment with imprecise estimates of the coefficients. Sensitivity analysis allows him to ask certain what-if questions about the problem.
Right-Hand Sides
Let us consider how a change in the right-hand side for a constraint might affect the feasible region and perhaps cause a change in the optimal solution. The improvement in the value of the optimal solution per unit increase in the right-hand side is called as its Marginal Value. Marginal values are referred to as opportunity costs, because a limitation on available resources may result in the loss of opportunity to earn greater profit. It also referred to as dual price, shadow price.. The range of feasibility is the range over which the dual price is applicable.
Dual Price
Graphically, a dual price is determined by adding +1 to the right hand side value in question and then resolving for the optimal solution in terms of the same two binding constraints. The dual price is equal to the difference in the values of the objective functions between the new and original problems. The dual price for a nonbinding constraint is 0. A negative dual price indicates that the objective function will not improve if the RHS is increased.
The daily requirement of a patient is 20 and 30 units of vitamins A and B respectively. The food F contains 3 units of A and 4 units of B, the food G contains 2 units of A and 3 units of B. Find the minimum cost of buying the vitamins if the cost per unit of F and G be Rs. 6 and Rs. 5 respectively.
Let x units of F and y units of G be required to get minimum amount of vitamins.
Minimize z = 6x + 5y
Subject to 3x + 2y 20, 4x + 3y 30, x, y 0.
A dealer sells the mentioned vitamins (in the previous slide) A and B separately. His problem is to fix the cost per unit of A and B in such a way that the price of F and G do not exceed the amount of the previous slide problem. His problem is also to get a maximum amount in selling the vitamins.
Let u and v be the price per unit A and B respectively. Maximize z* = 20u + 30v Subject to 3u + 4v 6, 2u + 3v 5, u, v 0.
Standard form of primal For maximization problem constraints is of `` sign. For Minimization problem constraints is of `` sign. The initial problem is Minimize Z = cx subject to Ax b, x 0. The corresponding dual problem is Maximize Z* = b/w subject to A/w c/, w 0.
Rule of Transformation
Co-efficient matrix of the dual is the transpose of the co-efficient matrix of the primal. Interchanging of c and b Changing the direction of the sign of inequality Minimization (maximization) of the objective function instead of maximization (minimization). The initial problem is Maximize Z = cx subject to Ax b, x 0. The corresponding dual problem is Minimize Z* = b/w subject to A/w c/, w 0.
Primal-dual problems
Symmetric primal-dual problems
All constraints of both primal and dual are inequations and the variables are non-negative.
Properties
Dual of dual is primal If the k-th constraint in a primal is an equality , then the corresponding dual variable is unrestricted in sign If the p-th variable of a primal is unrestricted in sign, then the corresponding p-th constraint of the dual is an equality.
If x* and w* are the feasible solutions to primal and dual, respectively, such that c/x* = b/w*, then x* and w* are optimal solutions respectively.
Linear Programming
Multiple Optimum Solutions Degeneracy Reduced Cost
XYZ is a new firm that is engaged in recycling. Its main facility uses a three-step system to process beverages containers. A consultant has developed the following LP model. Maximize 14Q + 11R + 15T (revenue) Subject to Sorting : 2.4Q + 3.0R + 4.0T 960 minutes Crushing:2.5Q +1.8R + 2.4T 607 minutes Packing : 12Q + 18R + 24T 3600 minutes Q, R and T 0.
Which decision variables are in the final solution? What are the optimal values? Find the range of optimality for the variables that are in the final solution. Find the range of insignificance of R. By how much would revenue decrease if sorting time reduced to 900 minutes? How much would revenue increase if sorting time was increased to 1,269 minutes. What effect would an increase of Rs. 2 in the revenue per unit of T have on the optimal solution? If you could obtain additional quantities of any one resource at no additional cost, and your goal is to achieve the greatest increase in revenue, what resources would you add and how much you would add.
Knitting Department
The manager of a knitting department has developed the following LP model and the following Excel output. x : units of Product 1 y: units of product 2 z: units of product 3 maximize Z1 = 7x + 3y + 9z (profit) subject to Labour Machine Material 4x + 5y + 6z 360 hours 2x + 4y + 6z 300 hours 9x + 5y + 6z 600 pounds x, y, z 0
Questions
Why is not product 2 called in for optimal solutions? How much would the pre-unit profit of product 2 have to be in order for it to enter into the optimal solution mix? What is the range of optimality for the profit per unit of Product 1? What would be the values in the optimal solution be if the objective co-efficient of x were increased by 3?
Questions
What is the range of feasibility of the labour constraint? What would be the values in the optimal solution be if the amount of labour available decreased by 10 hours? If the manager could obtain additional material, how much more could be used effectively? What would happen if the manager obtains more than this amount? If it is possible to obtain an additional amount of one of the resources, which one should be obtained, and how much can be effectively used? Explain.
Questions
If the manager is able to obtain an additional 100 pounds of material at the usual price, what impact would that have on the optimal value in the objective function? If the manager is able to obtain an additional 100 pounds of material but has to pay a premium of 5 paisa a pound, what will the net profit be? If knitting machine operate 10 hours a day, and one of the machine will be out of service for two and a half days, what impact will this have on the optimal value in the objective function?