Environmental Noise

Shani Safarah Rohmah (13310105)

Enviromental Noise

Noise Characterization Barriers Environmental Effects Traffic Noise Modeling Railroad Noise Aircraft Noise

Noise Characterization
Fixed Sources

Noise Characterization

Fixed Sources

= + 10 log = equivalent sound level (dB or dBA) = steady sound level (dB or dBA) = time the source is on (s) = total time T t (s)

Noise Characterization

Moving Sources

Noise Characterization
Moving Sources

Noise Characterization

Moving Sources

()

2 = 2 + 2 2 = sound intensity as a fuction of time (W/m2) = measured sound intensity at distance dr (W/m2) = distance of closest approach (m) = source speed (m/s) = time (s)

Noise Characterization

Moving Sources

()

2 () = + 10 log 2 + 2 2 = sound level as a fuction of time (dB) = sound level at distance dr (W/m2)

Noise Characterization

Moving Sources

+ 10 log = equivalent sound level (dB or dBA) = average reference sound level at distance (dB or dBA) = distance of closest approach (m) = source speed (m/s) = time (s) = number of vehicles passing the measurement point in time = standard deviation of the reference sound level (dB or dBA) = + 0.115 2 + 10 log

Noise Characterization
Partial Line Sources

Noise Characterization
Partial Line Sources = + 0.115 + 10 log + 10 log + 10 log 1 2 = 10 log + 10 log 2 1 2 1 1 1 10 log + 10 log = 10 log 2 2 2
2

Barriers
Point Sources Barriers

Barriers
Point Sources Barriers
2 = ( + )

Barriers
Point Sources Barriers
berm

tanh 2 = barrier attenuation for a point source (dB) = maximum Fresnel number (-0.19 5) = barrier constant which is 5 dB for a wall and 8 dB for a

= 20 log

Barriers
Practical Barrier Constrains

Barriers
Line Source Barriers

Barriers
Line Source Barriers

1 = 10 log

2 1

100.1

= barrier attenuation for a line source element (dB) () = barrier attenuation for a point source located at (dB) = 2 1 = angle of barrier elements (radian) 1 = angle from the perpendicular to the left edge of the line element (radians) 2 = angle from the perpendicular to the right edge of the line element (radian)

Barriers
Line Source Barriers 0 cos
= Fresnel number for a small line segment located at 0 = Fresnel number determined along the perpendicular path between the receiver and the line source = angle from the perpendicula to the segment (radians)

Barriers
Line Source Barriers

Barriers
Barrier Materials
1. Nonporous 2. Sufficient mass (20 kg/sq m) 3. Weather resistant

Barriers
Roadway Barriers

Barriers
Roadway Barriers

Barriers
Roadway Barriers

Environmental Effects
Air Attenuation
= + + 2 + (2 ) = total atmospheric attenuation (dB/km) = classical losses due to viscosity and thermal effects (dB/km) = molecular absorption for rotational relaxation of oxygen and nitrogen molecules (dB/km) 2 = molecular absorption losses for vibrational relaxation of O2molecules (dB/km) (2 ) = molecular absorption losses for vibrational relaxation of N2molecules (dB/km)

Environmental Effects
Air Attenuation

Environmental Effects
Air Attenuation

Environmental Effects
Air Attenuation
Equipartition of energy Relaxation time frozen Relaxation time equilibrium Relaxation time = (order of magnitude) acoustic frequency terjadi atenuasi

Molecular vibration losses O2 dan N2 sangat dipengaruhi adanya uap air di udara

Environmental Effects
Attenuation Due to Ground Cover
[heavy grass, plowed ground, or new fallen snow] [pass over seated patrons or padded opera chairs]

Environmental Effects
Grazing Atenuation

Environmental Effects
Grazing Atenuation
Ground surfaces are grouped according to their acoustical properties as follows: 1. Hard ground: Concrete, asphalt, water, ice, or other surfaces having a low porosity such as compacted earth or rock. 2. Soft ground: Grass, plowed earth, dense vegetation, soft snow. 3. Mixed ground: A mixture of hard and soft areas.

Environmental Effects
Focusing and Refraction Effects
principle of least time

[fig 5.19; 5.20; 5.21]

Environmental Effects
Focusing and Refraction Effects

Environmental Effects
Focusing and Refraction Effects

Environmental Effects
Combined Effects

Environmental Effects
Doppler Effects

Traffic Noise Modeling

Traffic Noise Modeling

Soft Ground Approximation
Biasanya diasumsikan 4.5 dB/distance doubling falloff rate sedangkan pada hard sites 3 dB/dd falloff. 3 dB rate dipakai: 1) Sumber dan penerima diletakkan 3m atau lebih diatas tanah 2) Ada intervening barrier 3m atau lebih (height) 3) Line of sight kuang dari 3m di atas tanah dan tanah keras dan tanpa struktur intervening 4.5 dB falloff rate duginakan ketika roadway diinterupsi gedung terisolasi, semak-semak, pepohonan, dan soft site lainnya

Traffic Noise Modeling

Soft Ground Approximation
= 10 log = attenuation due to distance (dB) = distance between the source and receiver (m or
+2 4

ft) = distance at which the reference level was measured (usually 15 m or 50 ft) = 0 for a hard site = 1 for a soft site

Traffic Noise Modeling

Geometrical Mean Distance
=
1 2

1 2

= geometrical mean distance to the roadway (m) = number of lanes = perpendicular distance to the center of lane 1 (m) = perpendicular distance to the center of lane 2 (m) = perpendicular distance to the center of lane n (m)

Traffic Noise Modeling

Barrier Calculations For barrier calculations a source height is required that depends on the part of the vehicle that creates the noise.

Traffic Noise Modeling

Roadway Computer Modeling

Traffic Noise Modeling

Traffic Noise Spectra For traffic noise a composite spectrum is used that depends on the percentage of heavy trucks present in the vehicle mix. For an individual heavy truck, noise is emitted from the exhaust, engine, cooling system, and tires. The overall sound pressure level for these data is 82.4 dBA. By subtracting this number from each octave-band level, a generalized unweighted truck noise spectrum is obtained, normalized to zero dBA. These differences can be added to the desired overall Aweighted truck noise level to obtain the individual octaveband levels.

Railroad Noise

Aircraft Noise
The turbofan engine was developed, in part, as an attempt to reduce turbojet noise. First, since the diameter of the intake is large, more air (mass) is forced through the opening. The engine thrust (fluid mass times acceleration) can increase even while the exhaust velocity and the noise level is reduced. Second, the bypassed air eases the transition between the high-velocity jet core and the quiescent atmosphere, so that the turbulent fluctuations due to mixing are less. Again this helps lower the noise levels.

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