Elementary First Aid II

An Overview

Basic Life Support

Is

an emergency procedure that consists of recognizing respiratory arrest or cardiac arrest and the proper application of AR and CPR until victim recovers or medical life support is available.

R.A. (+P-B) B.L.S. = Primary Survey A.R./R.B. C.A.B.C of Life C.A. (-P-B) Assessment of Patient C.P.R.

Respiratory Arrest
Is

the condition in which breathing stops or the supply of oxygen is inadequate. The body can function for only few minutes without oxygen before body systems begin to fail. However, you can keep the persons respiratory system functioning artificially with artificial respiration or recue breathing.

Causes of Respiratory Arrest

Obstruction

A. Anatomical B. Mechanical Diseases A. Bronchitis B. Pneumonia C. COPD

 Electrocution Circulatory

Collapse External Extrangulation Chest compression by other physical forces Drowning Poisoning Suffocation

Artificial Respiration
Is

a technique of breathing air into a person or ventilating the lungs to supply him with oxygen needed to survive.

Ways to Ventilate the lungs

Mouth

to mouth Mouth to nose Mouth to mouth and nose Mouth to stoma Mouth to face shield/barrier

Techniques of Artificial Respiration for Adult Victims

12

cycles per minute 5 seconds per cycle 1 blow per cycle Starts with a blow and ends with a blow Recheck pulse and breathing every minute for 5 seconds

Blow 1 1002 1003 1001 Blow 1 1002 1003 1002 Blow 1 1002 1003 1003 Blow 1 1002 1003 1004 Blow 1 1002 1003 1005 Blow 1 1002 1003 1006 Blow 1 1002 1003 1007 Blow 1 1002 1003 1008 Blow 1 1002 1003 1009 Blow 1 1002 1003 1010 Blow 1 1002 1003 1011 Blow 1 1002 1003 1012 Blow Recheck for 5 seconds

Standardized Counting

Steps In Primary Survey

Survey

the Scene Activate Medical Assistance Consciousness: Hey sir, are you okey? (2x) Unresponsive / Responsive Airway Do the head tilt and chin lift maneuver

Breathing

Examine the mouth The mouth is clear Do (L.L.F.) Look Listen and Feel for 5 secs. Breathless / With Breathing

 Circulation

Check carotid pulse, breathing and severe bleeding for 10 secs. + pulse breathing = Respiratory Arrest Artificial Respiration - pulse breathing = Cardiac Arrest C.P.R +pulse + breathing = Recovery Position

Cardiac Arrests
Cessation of breathing and pulse. Vital organs are deprived of oxygen

Main Cause of Cardiac Arrest

Ventricular

Fibrillation (Arrhythmia Abnormal beating of the heart) which is a rapid, erratic electrical impulses cause your ventricles to quiver uselessly instead of pumping blood.

The following Heart Conditions Leading to Arrhythmia: Coronary Heart Disease Heart Attack Enlarged Heart Valvular Heart Disease Congenital Heart Disease Electrical Problems In The Heart

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Combination

of external chest compression and ventilation. It is given to cardiac arrest victims. An artificial way of continuing the activity of the heart and lungs by compressing the chest and ventilating the lungs.

Chest Compression Technique for Adult Victim

Compression

area lower half of the sternum but not hitting the xiphoid process; measure up to 2 fingers (middle and index) from sub sternal notch. Depth of Compression 1.5 2 inches. Manner of compression-2 heels of the hands

Effective Compression
Straighten

the arms Lock the elbows Shoulder parallel to the sternum Off ribs, keep the heel of the hand contact in contact with the victims sternum

 Compression/ventilation

ratio (old standard) 15 compressions:2 ventilation x 4 cycles/minute Recheck pulse and breathing every minute for 5 scs.
Standardized counting (old)
1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 &6 &7 &8 &9 &10, 11, 12,13,14 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 &6 &7 &8 &9 &10, 11, 12,13,14 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 &6 &7 &8 &9 &10, 11, 12,13,14 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 &6 &7 &8 &9 &10, 11, 12,13,14 &1 +blow check blow check & 2 +blow check blow check & 3 +blow check blow check & 4 + blow check blow check

Recheck for 5 seconds

When to stop C.P.R.?

S

Spontaneous breathing and circulation restored T Turn over to medical personnel O Operator is totally exhausted P - Physician assumes responsibility

Difference between Clinically Dead and Biologically Dead

Clinically

Dead - Is the absence of breathing and pulse from 0 to 6 minutes - (0-4 minutes) - Certainly no damaged cells yet to the body. - (4-6 minutes) Probably with damaged cells to the body.

 Biologically

Dead - The absence of breathing and pulse beyond 6 minutes - (6 below 10 minutes) with brain damage probably reparable. - (10 minutes beyond) with irreparable brain damage

Donts in CPR
Jerker Bender Bouncer Rocker Massager Double

crosser

 Compression/ventilation

standard) 30 compressions:2 ventilations x 5 cycles/2 minutes

ratio (new

 Standardized

counting 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,1 + blow check blow check 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,2 + blow check blow check 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,3 + blow check blow check 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,4 + blow check blow check 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,5 + blow check blow check

Proper bandage Application

Applied

Snuggly (not too tight not too loose) Applied neatly and correctly Ends should be tied with square knot

Triangular Bandage And Parts

Apex Base 2

Sides Face

Folds or Cravat Phase of Triangular Bandage

Narrow

Cravat (Uses) - Wound on lower arm ( forearm) - Wound on palm (across) - Wound on palm (along) - Wound on forehead - Wound on foreleg - Wound on forehead -Ear, cheek wound or fractured jaw

Open Phase
Top

or side of the head wound

Managrment of Severe Bleeding

Control

bleeding -Direct Pressure -Elevate -Pressure Point Cover the wound Care for shock Consult physician

Management Of Shock
Increase

oxygen and blood supply -Loosen tight clothing -Proper body positioning- elevate legs higher than head by 8-12 inches - Maintain normal body temperature- place blanket over and under the patient Avoid unnecessary movements to prevent postural hypotension

Rescue and Transport of Casualty

The

removal of sick or injured person either from site of an accident or ashore is a matter of importance, since his life may depend on the arrangements made, particularly if he is suffering from one or more of this conditions:
A.

B.
C.

Spinal or Pelvic Injuries Severe Fractures Heart Conditions

Proper Body Mechanics in Carrying or Transporting Victims

Wide base support - Feet apart, parallel to the shoulder - Feet flat on the floor Use of big group of muscles - Bend knees - Straighten the back Do power grip - Grasp the victim Use body as center of gravity - Embrace the object
Do power Lift - Lift with legs

Carrying Victims
Diamond

carry (using stretcher) Bearer alongside