RESEARCH DESIGN

Experimental Research Design

Research Design
Developmental research Design

EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

Experimental research
Is the one of the most powerful research methodology that researcher can use. Is the best way to to establish cause-andeffect relationship among variables

The uniqueness of Experimental Research

It is the only type of research that directly attemp to influence a particular variable When properly applied, it is the best type for testing hypothesis about cause-andeffest relationship

In Experimental study, the researcher look at the effect

Of at least one of independent variable on one or more dependent variables.
Independent variable in experimental study is also frequently referred to the experimental variable or treatment variable The dependent variable, is also known as the criterion or outcome variable (refer to the result or outcome of the study.

Some actual examples:

Quality of learning with an active versus passive motivational set. Comparison of computer-assisted cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning Mnemonics versus non-mnemonic vocabulary learning strategies for children The effect of student questions and teacher questions on concept acquisition

Essential characteristics of ER

1. Comparison group
ER usually involves two groups of subject (an experiment and a control group or comparison ), although it is possible to conduct an experiment which only one group (by providing all treatments to the same subject Experimental Group receive a treatment of some sort (Such as a new textbook & a different methods of teaching

1. Comparison group
Control group receive no treatments Comparison group receive a different treatment The control and comparison group is crucial important in all experimental research

2. Manipulation of the independent variables

The researcher deliberately and directly determines what forms of the independent variable will take and then which group will take which form. Many independent variable can be manipulated (teaching method, type of counseling, assignments given), many others cannot (gender, ethnicity, age, religious preference, social economy background)

3. Randomization
An important aspect of many experiment is the random asgnment subject to groups. Although there are certain kinds of experiment s in which random asignment is not possible.

Randomization

Random selection

Random assignment

Every member of population has an equal chance of being selected to be a member of sample

Every individual who is participating in the experiment has equal chance of being assigned to any of exp or control group

Three thing should be note about random assignment

Random take place before the experiment begin. Random is a process of assigning or disturbing students to group. Use random assignment allow the researcher to form groups that, right at the beginning of study---are equivalent---that is, they differ only by chance in any variables of interest not by design.

Control of Extraneous Variables

Random assignment is not guarantee of equivalent groups ---to minimize the differences here a some of most common:
Randomization Hold certain variables constant Build the variables into design Matching Use subject as their own controls Analysis of covariance

GROUP DESIGNS IN EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH

WEAK EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN QUASI EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

WEAK EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1. Weak because they do not have built in controls for threats to internal validity 2. The researcher who uses one of these designs has difficulty assessing the effectiveness of the independent variable.

The One-shot Case Study

X
Treatment

O
Observation

 The symbol X represent exposure of the group to the treatment O refers to observation (measurement) The placement of symbol from left to right indicates the order in time (treatment X come before O)

 The weak of this design is its absence of any control. The researcher has no way to of knowing if the result obtained at O are due to treatment (X) This design does not provide for many comparison, so the researcher cannot compare the treatment result with the same group before using treatment. Because the group has not been pretested in any way, the researcher knows nothing about what the group was like before using treatment

The One Group Pretest-Posttest Design

O
Pretest

X
Treatment

O
Posttest

 This design is better the one-shot case study, the researcher at least knows whether any change occurred

The Static-Group Comparison

Two already existing or intact group are use Comparison are made between groups receiving different treatments The dashed line indicates that the two groups being compared are already formedthat is the subject are not randomly assigned to the two groups The two Os are place exactly vertical to each other, indicate that the measurement of two groups occur at the same time

The Static Group Posttest Only design

X1 X2

O O

The Static Group Pretest-Posttest Design

O
O

X1
X2

O
O

TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN

1 The randomized Posttest Only Control Group Designs

The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group design

The Randomized Solomon Four Group Design

The randomized Posttest Only Control Group Designs

R
R

X1
X2

O
O

The randomized Posttest Only Control Group Designs

R
R

X1
-

O
O

The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group design

R
R

O X1
O X2

O
O

The Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group design

R
R

O X1
O -

O
O

The Randomized Solomon Four Group design

Treatment Group Control Group Treatment Group
Control Group

R R
R R

O1 O3

X1 X2
X1 X2

O2 O4
O5 O6

The Randomized Solomon Four Group design

Treatment Group Control Group Treatment Group
Control Group

R R
R R

O1 O3

X1 X1 -

O2 O4
O5 O6

The Randomized Solomon Four Group Design

is an attempt to eliminate the possible effect of pretest It involve random assignment of subject to four groups, with groups being tested and two not. One of un-pretest group and one of pretest group is exposed to the experimental treatment All four group are then posttested

Treatment: Sensitivity Training Workshop (X1)

100 teachers randomly selected

Random assignment of 50 teachers to experimental group

Random assignment of 50 teachers to control group

Posttest: Faculty moral questionaire (Dependend Var) Posttest: Faculty moral questionaire (Dependend Var)

No Treatment: Do Not receive Sensitivity Training (X2)

Pretest: Faculty Morale Questionnaire

P0sttest: Faculty Morale Questionnaire

Random assignment of 50 teachers to experimental group 100 teachers randomly selected Random assignment of 50 teachers to control group

Treatment: Sensitivity Training Workshop

No Treatment: Workshop that do not include sensitivity Training

Pretest: Faculty Morale Questionnaire

Posttest: Faculty Morale Questionnaire

The randomized Posttest Only Control Group Design, Using Macth Subject

Treatment Gr M X O Control Gr M - O

The randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design, Using Macth Subject

T C

O M X O O M - O

Matching

Mechanical Matching

Statistical Matching

Process of pairing two person whose score in particular variable are similar Two girls whose mathematics aptitude and test psychomotoric scores similar

Each subject is given a predicted test score on dependent variable based on the correlation between the dependent variable and the variable on which the subject are being matched

 When the pretest score is used as the matching variable, the different between the predicted and actual score is called regressed gain score (posttest minus pretest score for each individual.

Do Placebos Works
The placebo effects: Two researcher in Denmark suggested if often does not. They receipt 114 clinical trials in which patient were given real medicine, a placebo or no treatment at all in New England Medicine in May 2001

QUASIEXPERIMENT
QE design do not include the use of random assignment Researcher use other techinque to control or to reduce threat to internal validity

QUASIEXPERIMENT
1

The matching only design

Counterbalanced Design Times series Design

The Matching Only Design

The matching only-posttest only control Group Design

The matching only pretestposttest control group design

The Matching Only Posttest Only Control Group Design

Treatment Group

X1

Control Group

X2

The Matching Only Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

Treatment Group

X1

Control Group

X2

Conterbalanced Design

Group I

X1 O X2 O

X3 O

Group 2 Group 3

X2 O X3 O X3 O X1 O

X2 O X1 O

Time Series Design

O1 O2 O3 O4 O5 X 06 07 08 09 O10