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AP Biology
2007-2008
AP Biology
It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic AP Biology material. Watson & Crick
nucleotide
it matters!
5 CH2
This will be IMPORTANT!!
N base
O 4 3
ribose
2
AP Biology
OH
5
PO4
5 CH2
base O
1
2
O O P O O 5 CH2
4
3
base O
1 2
OH
AP Biology
AP Biology
Bonding in DNA
5
covalent phosphodiester bonds hydrogen bonds
.strong or weak bonds? AP Biology How do the bonds fit the mechanism for copying DNA?
Pyrimidines
thymine (T) cytosine (C)
Pairing
A:T
2 bonds
AP Biology
C:G
3 bonds
AP Biology
DNA Replication
AP Biology
helicase enzyme
unwinds part of DNA helix stabilized by single-stranded binding proteins
helicase
replication fork
But Wheres the Were missing ENERGY something! for the bonding! What?
Energy of Replication
Where does energy for bonding usually come from?
We come with our own energy!
You remember ATP! Are there other ways other energy to get energy nucleotides? out it? You of bet !
energy energy
modified nucleotide
Energy of Replication
The nucleotides arrive as nucleosides
DNA bases arrive with their own energy source for bonding bonded by enzyme: DNA polymerase III
ATP
AP Biology
GTP
TTP
CTP
energy
energy
nucleotide to bond to
energy
AP Biology
energy
energy
energy energy
ligase
energy
energy
AP Biology
Okazaki
Lagging strand
5 3
ligase
Leading strand
3
Lagging strand
5 3
Leading strand
AP Biology spot
continuous synthesis
5 lagging strand
3 5
3 5 lagging strand
leading strand
lagging strand 5 5 5
AP Biology
5 3
primase
RNA 5
RNA primer
built by primase serves as starter sequence DNA polymerase III AP for Biology
DNA polymerase I
5 3
ligase
RNA
5 3
But DNA polymerase I still can only build onto 3 end of an existing DNA strand AP Biology
Chromosome erosion
All DNA polymerases can only add to 3 end of an existing DNA strand
3
DNA polymerase I
5 3
Telomeres
Repeating, non-coding sequences at the end of chromosomes = protective cap
5 3
telomerase
5 TTAAGGG TTAAGGG 3
Telomerase
enzyme extends telomeres can add DNA bases at 5 end different level of activity in different cells
high in stem cells & cancers -- Why?
AP Biology
Replication fork
DNA polymerase III
DNA polymerase I
lagging strand
primase
5 3
ligase
Okazaki fragments
3 5
SSB
3
DNA polymerase III
helicase
5 3
AP Biology
leading strand
direction of replication
SSB = single-stranded binding proteins
DNA polymerase I
20 bases/second editing, repair & primer removal
AP Biology
DNA polymerase I
AP Biology
AP Biology
AP Biology
Any Questions??
AP Biology
2007-2008