Crasulacean Acid Metabolism

M.Sc. Biotechnology

Historical Background
CAM was first discovered in the late 1940s. It was observed by the botanists Ranson and Thomas, in the Crassulaceae family of succulents. Its name refers to acid metabolism in Crassulaceae, not the metabolism of Crassulacean acid.

Identifying a CAM plant

CAM can be considered an adaptation to arid conditions. CAM plants often display other xerophytic characters, such as thick, reduced leaves with a low surface-area-to-volume ratio; thick cuticle; and stomata sunken into pits. Some shed their leaves during the dry season; others (the succulents) store water in vacuoles. CAM plants not only are good at retaining water but also use nitrogen very efficiently.

What is Crassulacean Acid Metabolism?

It is a carbon fixation pathway present in some plants. Also known as CAM photosynthesis. These plants fix carbon dioxide (CO2) during the night, storing it as the four-carbon acid malate.

 A third mechanism for concentrating CO2 at the site of rubisco is found in crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Despite its name, CAM is not restricted to the family Crassulaceae (Crassula, Kalanchoe, Sedum); it is found in numerous angiosperm families. Cacti and euphorbias are CAM plants, as well as pineapple, vanilla, and agave. The CAM mechanism enables plants to improve water use efficiency. Typically, a CAM plant loses 50 to 100 g of water for every gram of CO2 gained, compared with values of 250 to 300 g and 400 to 500 g for C4 and C3 plants, respectively. .Thus, CAM plants have a competitive advantage in dry environments.

 Historically, the discovery of CAM plants can be attributed to cyclical acidication/deacidication. In a letter to the Linnean Society in 1813 Benjamin Heyne wrote the leaves of the plant Bryophyllum calycinum, which on the whole have an herbaceous taste, are in the morning as acid as sorrel, if not more so. As the day advances, they lose their acidity and are tasteless about noon However, despite these early observations, it took another 150 years to unravel the complexities of the CAM pathway.

 Separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle C4 plants

PHYSICALLY separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle
different cells to fix carbon vs. where Calvin cycle occurs store carbon in 4C compounds

different enzyme to capture CO2 (fix carbon)

PEP carboxylase

different leaf structure

CAM plants
separate carbon fixation from Calvin cycle by TIME OF DAY fix carbon during night
store carbon in 4C compounds

perform Calvin cycle during day

solves CO2 / O2 gas exchange vs. H2O loss challenge

CAM Summary

CAM plants separate 2 steps of C fixation temporally = 2 different times night vs. day

CAM plants
cacti

succulents

pineapple

The Stomata of CAM Plants Open at Night and Close during the Day
CAM plants such as cacti achieve their high water use efficiency by opening their stomata during the cool, desert nights and closing them during the hot, dry days. Closing the stomata during the day minimizes water loss, but because H2O and CO2 share the same diffusion pathway, CO2 must then be taken up at night.

 The CAM mechanism is similar in many respects to the C4 cycle. In C4 plants, formation of the C4 acids in the mesophyll is spatially separated from decarboxylation of the C4 acids and from refixation of the resulting CO2 by the Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath.

 In CAM plants, formation of the C4 acids is both temporally and spatially separated. At night, CO2 is captured by PEP carboxylase in the cytosol, and the malate that forms from the oxaloacetate product is stored in the vacuole.

 During the day, the stored malate is transported to the chloroplast and decarboxylated by NADPmalic enzyme, the released CO2 is fixed by the Calvin cycle, and the NADPH is used for converting the decarboxylated triose phosphate product to starch.

Nocturnal Acidification
CO2 is incorporated via carboxylation of phosphoenolpyruvate to oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate. The malate accumulates and is stored in the large vacuoles that are a typical, but not obligatory, anatomic feature of the leaf cells of CAM plants. The accumulation of substantial amounts of malic acid, equivalent to the amount of CO2 assimilated at night, has long been recognized as a nocturnal acidification of the leaf (Bonner and Bonner 1948).

 With the onset of day, the stomata close, preventing loss of water and further uptake of CO2. The leaf cells deacidify as the reserves of vacuolar malic acid are consumed. Decarboxylation is usually achieved by the action of NADP-malic enzyme on malate. Because the stomata are closed, the internally released CO2 cannot escape from the leaf and instead is fixed and converted to carbohydrate by the Calvin cycle.

 The elevated internal concentration of CO2 effectively suppresses the photorespiratory oxygenation of ribulose bisphosphate and favors carboxylation. The C3 acid resulting from the decarboxylation is thought to be converted first to triose phosphate and then to starch or sucrose, thus regenerating the source of the original carbon acceptor.

 The CAM mechanism enables plants to improve water use efficiency. Typically, a CAM plant loses 50 to 100 g of water for every gram of CO2 gained, compared with values of 250 to 300 g and 400 to 500 g for C4 and C3 plants, respectively. .Thus, CAM plants have a competitive advantage in dry environments.

 http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lect ures/c4.htm

CAM is an adaptation to drought! Epiphytes in Trinidad

Taiz and Zeiger, Figure 9.24 CAM gas exchange