Solar Power System For Indian Home

Subject : Engineering Systems

Group Member
Name Paramar Umang R. Vachhani Jaydeep S. Vachhani Parth M. Zala Pushpraj M. Hirapara Rohil B. Sherdiwala Raj P. Enrollment Number 130070109040 130070109056 130070109057 130070109062 130070109021 130070109052

Overview
Solar Energy Potential Solar Generated Electricity
Technologies Distribution Approaches Implications for Energy Independence

Solar Energy Potential

As of February 2006, Photovoltaic technology accounted for less than 1% of worldwide electricity generation. The amount of solar energy that reaches the Earths surface every hour is greater than humankinds total demand for energy in one year

Solar Generated Electricity

Concentrating Solar Power Photovoltaic (PV) Cells

Concentrating Solar Power

Require Direct Sunlight
Concentrating solar power systems cannot reflect diffuse sunlight, making them ineffective in cloudy conditions

Two Approaches
Power Tower Parabolic Trough
-Direct normal solar resource in the Southwest. Image courtesy of Tackling Climate Change In the US: Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030 (Charles F. Kutcher ed.). Darker colors signify greater solar radiance.

Power Tower
Solar One (CA)
Steam Heat Transfer 10 MW

Solar Two (CA)

Molten Salt Heat Transfer 10 MW

Solar Tres (Spain)

Molten Salt Heat Transfer 15 MW

Solar Two

Photovoltaic Cells

Photovoltaic Potential
The basic resource potential for solar PV in the United States is virtually unlimited compared to any foreseeable demand for energy.
Paul Denholm, Robert Margolis, & Ken Zweibel, Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Solar Photovoltaics by 2030, in Tackling Climate Change In The US: Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions From Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy By 2030, p.99 (Charles F. Kutcher, ed., 2007)

PV is flexible enough that it can be adapted for use in many areas.

Photoelectric Effect
Basic process by which a photovoltaic cell converts absorbed sunlight into electricity Photons knock electrons free from the silicon structure, freeing them to enter electric current and power a load (like a light bulb)

Solar Generated Electricity Distribution Approaches

Centralized (CSP)
Advantages and Disadvantages

Distributed (PV Roof Installations)

Advantages and Disadvantages Distributed PV Generation & Energy Independence

Centralized
Advantages
Traditional model of distribution No fuel costs

Disadvantages
Non-Constant Power Vulnerability

This PV Array is part of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District, generating 3.2 MW, enough for 2,200 homes.

Distributed Solar (PV)

Advantages
Net-metering
Grid Storage

Disadvantages
Cost
Extensive Individual Investment Low Conversion Efficiency

Flexibility Reduced vulnerability to terrorist attack Almost no maintenance Negligible environmental impact Domestic Production (?)

CCRs Intermittency

PV Flexibility
Stand-Alone
Water pumps Fans

Hybrid
Remote applications

Grid Connected
Grid storage

Battery Backup
Isolated Areas

Utility Scale
Easy & Quick to build

Generator Backup

PV Applications

PV Disadvantages
Price
Efficiency

Intermittency

Price
Still not price-competitive with traditional sources of electricity
If you don't include the environmental costs of coal-fired electricity when comparing them with solar, it becomes very difficult. [Saving money] is not what motivates me and if that's all that motivates the consumer, then perhaps solar isn't for them.
Dr. Richard Corkish, University of New South Wales, School of Photovoltaic and Renewable Energy Engineering

Paying for Itself

Ability of a PV system to pay for itself depends on the size of the installation, electricity demands it is meeting. Residential PV system may pay for itself within first half of its estimated lifespan (30 years)

Price Reductions
Year $/W (Goal) Residential Installation Cost (2-4 kW) $17,000-34,000 $11,000-$22,000 2005 2010 $8.50 $5.50

2015 2030

$3.25 $2.00

$6500-13,000 $4000-8,000

Goals for DOEs Solar America Initiative for cost reduction in PV Residential (2-4kW) Systems: 2015 = 10-12 cents/kWh 2030 = 6-8 cents/kWh $148M in 2007 Funding for Solar America Initiative to spark R&D

Efficiency
Conversion Efficiency the percentage of solar energy shining on a device that is converted into electrical energy Typical Efficiencies
Single Crystalline Silicon = 14% Thin Film = 7%

Intermittency
Obviously, solar power requires sunlight to generate power This means that:
No power is can be generated at night Power generation may be reduced by cloud cover
However, PV will still work with overcast skies

Generation techniques requiring direct sunlight (CSP) are ineffective w/o optimum conditions

Solutions:
Generators, Batteries, Hybrid Facilities Hydrogen

Solar Power and Energy Independence

Lessen Reliance on Fossil Fuel Stabilize Energy Costs Re-conceptualize Distribution of Energy
End-user production Distributed system lessens large-scale vulnerability

Production Method for Hydrogen Economy

Thank You