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'd - 2.2
'd - 1.2
'd - 2.+
'd - 1.*
'd - 1..
e.g. s,uare cross section with $lat%sided mem&ers wind normal to $ace"
Drag coefficient C D ( - 0 !
Australian Standards
Solidity Ratio
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
- solidity o$ one $ace - area o$ mem&ers total enclosed area includes inter$erence and shielding e$$ects &etween mem&ers will &e co(ered in Lecture 21 "
Shear $orce 6 :ma) - :. ;, <ending moment 6 #ma) - #. ;m De$lection 6 )ma) - ). ;) The gust response $actors $or &ase &.m. and tip de$lection di$$er % &ecause o$ non%linear mode shape The gust response $actors $or &.m. and shear depend on the height o$ the load e$$ect, =1 i.e. ;, =1" and ;m =1" increase with =1
Resonant
+ac%ground
'eig(t ()!
Co)*ined
,ean
0.6
0.8
1.0
Separate e$$ecti(e static load distri&utions $or mean, &ac>ground and resonant components Lecture 11, 'hapter *"
?Deterministic@ model % not random Sinusoidal e)citation leads to sinusoidal response de$lection"
+ C j a + K ja = Q j t" Gja
;B is the ?generali=ed@ or e$$ecti(e mass B =" is mode shape :B t" is the ?generali=ed@ or e$$ecti(e $orce -
m =" B =" d=
2
$ =, t" B =" d=
0epresenting the applied $orce :B t" as a sinusoidal $unction o$ time, an e)pression $or the pea> de$lection at the top o$ the structure can &e deri(ed 6 see Section 11.*.1 in &oo>"
' B =" d= y ma) h" E a ' & + B =" d= + = = h 2 & 1/C 2 ; BD BSt 2 .C Sc St 2 B =" d=
2 + h h
where B is the critical damping ratio $or the Bth mode, e,ual to
Cj 2 GjK j
Strouhal Aum&er $or (orte) shedding =e - e$$ecti(e height 2h!1" Scruton Aum&er or mass%damping parameter" m - a(erage mass!unit height
+ h +
=" d= 2 =" d= B
B
The mode shape B =" can &e ta>en as =!h" 5or uni$orm or near%uni$orm cantile(ers, can &e ta>en as 1.*G then > - 1./
2ssumes e)citation due to (orte) shedding is a random process ?loc>%in@ &eha(iour is reproduced &y negati(e aerodynamic damping Jea> response is in(ersely proportional to the square root of the damping In its simplest $orm, pea> response can &e written as 6
M y A = b L Sc ! . " K 1 y 2 ao
yL
"K1 / 2
2 - a non dimensional parameter constant $or a particular structure $orcing terms" Nao - a non dimensional parameter associated with aerodynamic damping yL- limiting amplitude o$ (i&ration
0.001
10 Scruton 3u)*er
Scruton Aum&er
The Scruton Aum&er or mass%damping parameter" appears in pea> response calculated &y &oth the sinusoidal and random e)citation models
Sc =
'learly the lower the Sc, the higher the (alue o$ yma) ! &
either model"
Sc or Na" are o$ten used to indicate the propensity to (orte)% induced (i&ration
Sc or Na" is o$ten used to indicate the propensity to (orte)%induced (i&ration e.g. $or a circular cylinder, Sc O 1+ or N a O +.P", usually indicates low amplitudes o$ (i&ration induced &y (orte) shedding $or circular cylinders 2merican Aational Standard on Steel Stac>s 2S#3 STS%1%1882" pro(ides criteria $or chec>ing $or (orte)%induced (i&rations, &ased on N a #itigation methods are also discussed 6 helical stra>es, shrouds, additional damping mass dampers, $a&ric pads, hanging chains" 2 method &ased on the random e)citation model is also pro(ided in 2S#3 STS%1%1882 2ppendi) *.'" $or calculation o$ displacements $or design purposes.
Helical stra>es
(53 0.1* (
3liminates cross%wind (i&ration, &ut increases drag coe$$icient and along%wind (i&ration
Concrete to6er 248 )etres (814 feet! (ig( 1a$ered cylindrical section u$ to 200 ) (656 feet! 7 16 ) dia)eter (0 )! to 12 ) dia)eter (200 )! -&od0 6it( restaurant and o*ser#ation dec%s *et6een 200 ) and 238) Steel co))unications to6er 248 to 338 )etres (814 to 1108 feet!
9 Combination of wind tunnel and theoretical modelling of tower response used 9 Effective static load distributions
9 distri*utions of )ean: *ac%ground and resonant 6ind loads deri#ed (Lecture 13)
;ind tunnel )odel scaling 7 9 Length ratio Lr ! 1"1#$ 9 %ensit& ratio r ! 1 9 'elocit& ratio 'r ! 1"3
9 (ending stiffness ratio E)r ! r 'r* Lr+ 9 ,-ial stiffness ratio E,r ! r 'r* Lr* 9 .se stepped aluminium allo& spine to model stiffness of main shaft and legs
0.5
'm "'*+$
1.0
1.5
Iu
20
40
60
80
100
20
40
60
80
100
Towers, chimneys and masts 'ase study 6 #acau Tower 2long wind response 6
9 ,t each level on the structure define e1uivalent wind loads for 3 = )ean 6ind $ressure = *ac%ground (>uasi/static! fluctuating 6ind $ressure = resonant (inertial! loads 9 4hese components all have different distributions 9 Combine three components of load distributions for bending moments at various levels on tower
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 100 Load (58"m) 200
0eight (m)
3nd o$ Lecture 21
John Holmes
22*%.+*%14P8 JHolmesQlsu.edu